{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T17:02:07Z","timestamp":1772902927641,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,17]],"date-time":"2022-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663372800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001804","name":"Canada Research Chairs Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["950-230672"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["950-230672"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001804","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001804","name":"Canada Research Chairs Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGPIN-2017-05924"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2017-05924"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001804","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001804","name":"Canada Research Chairs Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/00308\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00308\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001804","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["950-230672"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["950-230672"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGPIN-2017-05924"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2017-05924"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/00308\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00308\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT-Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["950-230672"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["950-230672"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT-Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGPIN-2017-05924"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2017-05924"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT-Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/00308\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00308\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["WEVJ"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, a battery pack and a supercapacitor bank hybrid energy storage system (HESS) with a new control configuration is proposed for electric vehicles (EVs). A bidirectional quasi-Z-source inverter (Bq-ZSI) and a bidirectional DC-DC converter are used in the powertrain of the EV. The scheme of the control for the proposed HESS Bq-ZSI using finite control set model predictive control (FCS-MPC) is first deduced to enhance the dynamic performance. With the idea of managing battery degradation mitigation, the fractional-order PI (FOPI) controller is then applied and associated with a filtering technique. The Opal-RT-based real-time simulation is next executed to verify the performance and effectiveness of the proposed HESS control strategy. As a result, the proposed HESS Bq-ZSI with this control scheme provides a quick response to the mechanical load and stable DC link voltage under the studied driving cycle. Moreover, the comparative results also show that the proposed HESS Bq-ZSI equipped with the new control configuration enables the reduction of the root-mean-square value, the mean value, and the standard deviation by 57%, 59%, and 27%, respectively, of the battery current compared to the battery-based inverter. Thus, the proposed HESS Bq-ZSI using these types of controllers can help to improve the EV system performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/wevj13090174","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,21]],"date-time":"2022-09-21T00:08:09Z","timestamp":1663718889000},"page":"174","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Dual-Source Bidirectional Quasi-Z-Source Inverter Development for Off-Road Electric Vehicles"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Daouda","family":"Mande","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"e-TESC Lab, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0795-0901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Pedro F.","family":"Trov\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"e-TESC Lab, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada"},{"name":"Canada Research Chair in Efficient Electric Vehicles with Hybridized Energy Storage Systems, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada"},{"name":"Polytechnic of Coimbra (IPC-ISEC), R. Pedro Nunes, 3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"INESC Coimbra, DEEC, University of Coimbra, Polo II, 3030-290 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Minh C.","family":"Ta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"e-TESC Lab, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada"}]},{"given":"Thang Van","family":"Do","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"e-TESC Lab, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1109\/JESTPE.2016.2566583","article-title":"Electrochemical and electrostatic energy storage and management systems for electric drive vehicles: State-of-the-Art review and future trends","volume":"4","author":"Chemali","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Top. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2016.09.006","article-title":"Review of system topologies for hybrid electrical energy storage systems","volume":"8","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Energy Storage"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2016.06.029","article-title":"Emergence of hybrid energy storage systems in renewable energy and transport applications\u2014A review","volume":"65","author":"Hemmati","year":"2016","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiya, I.N., Gurusinghe, N., and Gouws, R. (2018). Combination of LiCs and EDLCs with Batteries: A New Paradigm of Hybrid Energy Storage for Application in EVs. World Electr. Veh. J., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/wevj9040047"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2014.09.026","article-title":"A load predictive energy management system for supercapacitor-battery hybrid energy storage system in solar application using the Support Vector Machine","volume":"137","author":"Chia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2015.02.064","article-title":"Lithium-ion batteries: Evaluation study of different charging methodologies based on aging process","volume":"152","author":"Monem","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2014.10.153","article-title":"Cycle ageing analysis of a LiFePO 4 \/graphite cell with dynamic model validations: Towards realistic lifetime predictions","volume":"275","author":"Gandiaga","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120532","DOI":"10.1149\/1945-7111\/abae37","article-title":"Degradation of Commercial Lithium-Ion Cells as a Function of Chemistry and Cycling Conditions","volume":"167","author":"Preger","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5520","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2016.2638912","article-title":"Adaptive Energy Management System Based on a Real-Time Model Predictive Control with Nonuniform Sampling Time for Multiple Energy Storage Electric Vehicle","volume":"66","author":"Gomozov","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2012.2203361","article-title":"Design of a Semiactive Battery-Ultracapacitor Hybrid Energy Source","volume":"28","author":"Kuperman","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chemali, E., McCurlie, L., Howey, B., Stiene, T., Rahman, M.M., Preindl, M., Ahmed, R., and Emadi, A. (2015, January 9\u201312). Minimizing battery wear in a hybrid energy storage system using a linear quadratic regulator. Proceedings of the IECON 2015\u201441st Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, Yokohama, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/IECON.2015.7392603"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2014.2313746","article-title":"Impedance-source networks for electric power conversion part I: A topological review","volume":"30","author":"Siwakoti","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1109\/MIE.2015.2475475","article-title":"Z-source inverter: Topology improvements review","volume":"10","author":"Ellabban","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Ind. Electron. Mag."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Ge, B., Ferreira, F.J.T.E., de Almeida, A.T., and Rub, A.A. (2011, January 17\u201319). Modelling and SVPWM control of quasi-Z-source inverter. Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Electrical Power Quality and Utilisation, Lisbon, Portugal.","DOI":"10.1109\/EPQU.2011.6128914"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1109\/TEC.2006.874232","article-title":"Control of a Fuel Cell Based Z-Source Converter","volume":"22","author":"Jung","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Energy Convers."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2007.900505","article-title":"Comparison of traditional inverters and Z-source inverter for fuel cell vehicles","volume":"22","author":"Shen","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7489","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2015.2493528","article-title":"Ultracapacitor-Battery Hybrid Energy Storage System Based on the Asymmetric Bidirectional Z-Source Topology for EV","volume":"31","author":"Hu","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aljanad, A., Mohamed, A., Khatib, T., Ayob, A., and Shareef, H. (2019). A Novel Charging and Discharging Algorithm of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles Considering Vehicle-to-Grid and Photovoltaic Generation. World Electr. Veh. J., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/wevj10040061"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1109\/TSTE.2014.2305433","article-title":"Power Smoothing of Large Solar PV Plant Using Hybrid Energy Storage","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2016.07.059","article-title":"Hybrid energy storage systems and control strategies for stand-alone renewable energy power systems","volume":"66","author":"Chong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, J., Jiang, F., Kong, W., and Luo, Y. (2022). A Distributed and Hierarchical Optimal Control Method for Intelligent Connected Vehicles in Multi-Intersection Road Networks. World Electr. Veh. J., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/wevj13020034"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2147","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2007.894713","article-title":"Ultracapacitor-based auxiliary energy system for an electric vehicle: Implementation and evaluation","volume":"54","author":"Moreno","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4915","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2015.2400419","article-title":"Hierarchical Control of Hybrid Energy Storage System in DC Microgrids","volume":"62","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1049\/oap-cired.2017.0248","article-title":"Fractional-order PID controller design of frequency deviation in a hybrid renewable energy generation and storage system","volume":"2017","author":"Nosrati","year":"2017","journal-title":"CIRED-Open Access Proc. J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yaramasu, V., Wu, B., Rivera, M., and Rodriguez, J. (2012, January 4\u20136). Enhanced model predictive voltage control of four-leg inverters with switching frequency reduction for standalone power systems. Proceedings of the 2012 15th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference (EPE\/PEMC), Novi Sad, Serbia.","DOI":"10.1109\/EPEPEMC.2012.6397290"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2014.2352214","article-title":"Dynamic Performance Improvement of AC\/DC Converter Using Model Predictive Direct Power Control With Finite Control Set","volume":"62","author":"Choi","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murali, A., Wahab, R.S., Gade, C.S.R., Annamalai, C., and Subramaniam, U. (2021). Assessing Finite Control Set Model Predictive Speed Controlled PMSM Performance for Deployment in Electric Vehicles. World Electr. Veh. J., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/wevj12010041"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mendez, R., Sbarbaro, D., Espinoza, J., and Rojas, C. (2017, January 1\u20135). Finite Control Set Model Predictive Control Assisted by a Linear Controller for True Parameter Uncertainty Compensation. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), Cincinnati, OH, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ECCE.2017.8096840"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2016.2569527","article-title":"A powerful finite control set-model predictive control algorithm for quasi z-source inverter","volume":"12","author":"Bakeer","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-est.2020.0005","article-title":"Optimisation of fractional-order PI controller for bidirectional quasi-Z-source inverter used for electric traction system","volume":"10","author":"Mande","year":"2020","journal-title":"IET Electr. Syst. Transp."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Mande, D., Trov\u00e3o, J.P., Rubio, R.G., and Ta, M.C. (2018, January 27\u201330). Comparison of Bidirectional Quasi Z-Source Inverter and Bidirectional Conventional Two-Stage Inverter for Electric Traction System. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC), Chicago, IL, USA."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2641","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2010.2048048","article-title":"Hybrid electric vehicle based on bidirectional Z-source nine-switch inverter","volume":"59","author":"Dehghan","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2007.897123","article-title":"Application of Z-source inverter for traction drive of fuel cell\u2014Battery hybrid electric vehicles","volume":"22","author":"Peng","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"1875","article-title":"Model predictive control of an inverter with output LC filter for UPS applications","volume":"56","author":"Cortes","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sepulchre, L., Fadel, M., Pietrzak-David, M., and Porte, G. (2016, January 2\u20134). Flux-weakening strategy for high speed PMSM for vehicle application. Proceedings of the 2016 International Conference on Electrical Systems for Aircraft, Railway, Ship Propulsion and Road Vehicles & International Transportation Electrification Conference (ESARS-ITEC), Toulouse, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/ESARS-ITEC.2016.7841413"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6044","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2017.2787050","article-title":"A Discrete-Time Average Model-Based Predictive Control for a Quasi-Z-Source Inverter","volume":"65","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1109\/MIE.2009.933885","article-title":"The benefits of hybridization","volume":"3","author":"Thounthong","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Ind. Electron. Mag."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2014.08.035","article-title":"Energy management strategies comparison for electric vehicles with hybrid energy storage system","volume":"134","author":"Song","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100884","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2019.100884","article-title":"Passive hybrid energy storage system based on lithium-ion capacitor for an electric motorcycle","volume":"25","author":"Goussian","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Energy Storage"}],"container-title":["World Electric Vehicle Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2032-6653\/13\/9\/174\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:33:32Z","timestamp":1760142812000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2032-6653\/13\/9\/174"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,17]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["wevj13090174"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/wevj13090174","relation":{},"ISSN":["2032-6653"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2032-6653","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,17]]}}}