{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T01:50:09Z","timestamp":1773107409347,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]],"date-time":"2024-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727136000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["PTDC\/DES\/116586\/2010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/DES\/116586\/2010"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["SFRH\/BD\/45375\/2008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/45375\/2008"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["PROTEC SFRH\/BD\/50002\/2009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PROTEC SFRH\/BD\/50002\/2009"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["UID\/DTP\/00617\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/DTP\/00617\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["LA\/P\/0064\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0064\/2020"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Research Center in Physical Activity, Health, and Leisure\u2014CIAFEL","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/DES\/116586\/2010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/DES\/116586\/2010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Research Center in Physical Activity, Health, and Leisure\u2014CIAFEL","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/45375\/2008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/45375\/2008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Research Center in Physical Activity, Health, and Leisure\u2014CIAFEL","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PROTEC SFRH\/BD\/50002\/2009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PROTEC SFRH\/BD\/50002\/2009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Research Center in Physical Activity, Health, and Leisure\u2014CIAFEL","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/DTP\/00617\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/DTP\/00617\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Research Center in Physical Activity, Health, and Leisure\u2014CIAFEL","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LA\/P\/0064\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0064\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Research\u2014ITR","award":["PTDC\/DES\/116586\/2010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/DES\/116586\/2010"]}]},{"name":"Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Research\u2014ITR","award":["SFRH\/BD\/45375\/2008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/45375\/2008"]}]},{"name":"Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Research\u2014ITR","award":["PROTEC SFRH\/BD\/50002\/2009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PROTEC SFRH\/BD\/50002\/2009"]}]},{"name":"Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Research\u2014ITR","award":["UID\/DTP\/00617\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/DTP\/00617\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Research\u2014ITR","award":["LA\/P\/0064\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0064\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Women"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Women\u2019s pregnancy increases the odds of developing anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem. Physical activity can reduce the severity of maternal mental disorders and postpartum symptoms. The aim was to evaluate self-esteem, anxiety, and physical activity patterns among healthy pregnant women during three gestational trimesters (GTs). A longitudinal prospective study involving 248 Portuguese pregnant women, monitored for a year during all GTs, was conducted. Self-reported questionnaires were used to collect personal and obstetric data, and Rosenberg\u2019s Self-Esteem Scale, Zung Anxiety Scale, and a Pregnancy Physical Activity Questionnaire were applied. A total of 152 women presented valid follow-up data considered for analysis. All test scores do not present normality (p &lt; 0.001). Over the gestational trimesters, the Zung anxiety scores did not show a significant change between GTs. However, the self-esteem values reduced significantly from 1st to 2nd GT: (1st GT = 43.94 (\u00b19.94) [95%CI: 42.37 to 45.53]; 2nd GT = 27.27 (\u00b19.64) [95%CI: 25.74 to 28.81]; 3rd GT = 25.71 (\u00b110.52) [95%CI: 24.04 to 27.39]; p &lt; 0.001), remaining stable in the last GT. Moderate to vigorous (2nd GT = 73.43 (\u00b188.69) [95%CI: 59.34 to 87.54]; 3rd GT = 65.05 (\u00b182.65) [95%CI: 51.92 to 78.19]; p = 0.008), vigorous (1st GT = 0.45 (\u00b13.95) [95%CI: 0.83 to 2.08]; 2nd GT = 1.63 (\u00b13.52) [95%CI: 1.07 to 2.19]; 3rd GT = 0.81 (\u00b12.16) [95%CI: 0.46 to 1.15]; p = 0.0475), and light (2nd GT = 101.68 (\u00b148.77) [95%CI: 93.93 to 109.44]; 3rd GT = 98.42 (\u00b149.05) [95%CI: 90.62 to 106.22]; p &lt; 0.001) physical activity levels were significantly reduced throughout the GTs, but the time spent in sedentary activities did not change. In this follow-up study, it was possible to identify a critical point in the 2nd GT, when the drastic reduction in physical activity levels coincided with periods of lower self-esteem scores. However, anxiety levels do not seem to change over GTs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/women4040026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,26]],"date-time":"2024-09-26T11:40:27Z","timestamp":1727350827000},"page":"340-350","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Influence of Physical Activity on Self-Esteem and Anxiety during Pregnancy: A Longitudinal Prospective Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3548-700X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula Clara","family":"Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Fisioterapia, Escola Superior de Sa\u00fade, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico do Porto, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Research Center in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Reabilita\u00e7\u00e3o, Escola Superior de Sa\u00fade, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico do Porto, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Instituto de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3832-7581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana","family":"Bernardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departmento de Fisioterapia, Escola Superior de Sa\u00fade, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"},{"name":"Research Center for Active Living and Wellbeing (LiveWell), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7490-9466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro Pugliesi","family":"Abdalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Study and Research Group in Anthropometry, Training, and Sport (GEPEATE), School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirao Preto, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14040-900, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Physical Education Course, Claretiano-University Center, Batatais 14300-970, SP, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7502-7644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raquel","family":"Leir\u00f3s-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SALBIS Research Group, Nursing and Physical Therapy Department, University of Leon, Astorga Ave, 15, 24401 Ponferrada, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7028-1352","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonardo Santos Lopes","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Study and Research Group in Anthropometry, Training, and Sport (GEPEATE), School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirao Preto, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14040-900, SP, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0830-9064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Mesquita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Fisioterapia, Escola Superior de Sa\u00fade, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico do Porto, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Reabilita\u00e7\u00e3o, Escola Superior de Sa\u00fade, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico do Porto, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7571-9181","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Mota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7327-0800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dalmo","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Study and Research Group in Anthropometry, Training, and Sport (GEPEATE), School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirao Preto, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14040-900, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Sport Departmental Area\u2014ESEC, University of Algarve, Campus Penha, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"},{"name":"College of Nursing of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14040-900, SP, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, H., Bowen, A., Bowen, R., Muhajarine, N., and Balbuena, L. 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