{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T14:43:03Z","timestamp":1775486583944,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758672000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["UIDB\/00772\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00772\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["IDP\/00681\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IDP\/00681\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["LA\/P\/0059\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0059\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["UIDB\/05183\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/05183\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["UIDP\/05183\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/05183\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["LA\/P\/0121\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0121\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Zoonotic Diseases"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Brucella canis is a neglected zoonotic pathogen associated with canine reproductive disorders and emerging public health concerns. This study presents the first nationwide systematic review and meta-analysis of Brucella spp. in Portugal, integrated with a 13-year retrospective seroepidemiological investigation (2013\u20132025) of B. canis in dogs across mainland Portugal and Insular Autonomous Regions. Among 132 canine serum samples, a seropositivity of 23.48% was observed using an immunochromatographic assay confirmed by indirect immunofluorescence (IFAT). Significant associations were identified with seasonality (p &lt; 0.001) and breed (p = 0.001), while sex and age were not statistically significant. Municipal-level analysis revealed marked heterogeneity, with Trofa showing the highest seropositivity (58.82%) and a pooled odds ratio of 11.28 (95% CI: 2.90\u201343.94; p &lt; 0.001). In parallel, meta-analyses of published data estimated a pooled seroprevalence of 2.42% in animals (95% CI: 1.79\u20133.13) and 10.57% in humans (95% CI: 8.80\u201312.47), underscoring the broader burden of Brucella spp. exposure in Portugal. These findings suggest underdiagnosis of canine brucellosis and highlight the need for enhanced surveillance in high-risk breeds and regions. The study reinforces the importance of integrated One Health strategies to improve early detection, control, and prevention of B. canis infection in both veterinary and public health contexts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/zoonoticdis5040026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T13:16:11Z","timestamp":1758719771000},"page":"26","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Are We Missing Brucella spp. in Portugal? The First Nationwide Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Retrospective Serological Study of Brucella canis (2013\u20132025)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9339-9932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Lopes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal"},{"name":"CEDIVET Veterinary Laboratories, Lionesa Business Hub, R. Lionesa 446 C24, 4465-671 Le\u00e7a do Balio, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5711-1905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo Lima","family":"de Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEDIVET Veterinary Laboratories, Lionesa Business Hub, R. Lionesa 446 C24, 4465-671 Le\u00e7a do Balio, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9607-7576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Cristina","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Bacteriology and Mycology, Animal Health Unit, Instituto Nacional de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Agr\u00e1ria e Veterin\u00e1ria (INIAV), I.P., 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal"},{"name":"BioISI-Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Medicina Veterin\u00e1ria (I-MVET), Faculdade de Medicina Veterin\u00e1ria, Universidade Lus\u00f3fona, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7940-3141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreia","family":"Garc\u00eas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre (CRAS), Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5031-679X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e1tia","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AniCura Santa Marinha Veterinary Hospital, R. Dom Henrique de Cernache 183, 4400-625 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana Rita","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, Lionesa Business Hub, R. Lionesa 446 C24, 4465-671 Le\u00e7a do Balio, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8182-5674","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Patr\u00edcia","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6145-7560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0589-3533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elsa Leclerc","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Science and Technology, University of \u00c9vora, Polo da Mitra, Apartado 94, 7002-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development (MED), Global Change and Sustainability Institute (CHANGE), University of \u00c9vora, Polo da Mitra, Apartado 94, 7002-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7196-4179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Cl\u00e1udia","family":"Coelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2295398","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2023.2295398","article-title":"Brucellosis: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment\u2014A comprehensive review","volume":"55","author":"Qureshi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. 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