{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T06:07:07Z","timestamp":1793340427335,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Royal College of General Practitioners","issue":"714","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,12]],"date-time":"2019-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1549929600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Br J Gen Pract"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Chest X-ray (CXR) is the first-line test for lung cancer in many settings. Previous research has suggested that higher utilisation of CXR is associated with improved outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>To explore the associations between characteristics of general practices and frequency of investigation with CXR.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design and setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Retrospective observational study of English general practices.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>A database was constructed of English general practices containing number of CXRs requested and data on practices for 2018, including patient and staff demographics, smoking prevalence, deprivation, and patient satisfaction indicators. Mixed-effects Poisson modelling was used to account for variation because of chance and to estimate the amount of remaining variation that could be attributed to practice and population characteristics.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>There was substantial variation in GP CXR rates (median 34 per 1000 patients, interquartile range 26\u201343). Only 18% of between-practice variance in CXR rate was accounted for by recorded characteristics. Higher practice scores for continuity and communication skills, and higher proportions of smokers, Asian and mixed ethnic groups, and patients aged &gt;65 years were associated with increased CXR rates. Higher patient satisfaction scores for access and greater proportions of male patients and patients of Black ethnicity were associated with lower CXR rates.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Substantial variation was found in CXR rates beyond that expected by chance, which could not be accounted for by practices\u2019 recorded characteristics. As other research has indicated that increasing CXR rates can lead to earlier detection, supporting practices that currently investigate infrequently could be an effective strategy to improve lung cancer outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgp.2021.0232","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,22]],"date-time":"2021-10-22T14:42:18Z","timestamp":1634913738000},"page":"e34-e42","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Associations between general practice characteristics and chest X-ray rate: an observational study"],"prefix":"10.3399","volume":"72","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2038-2056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen H","family":"Bradley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Barclay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Cornwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary A","family":"Abel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew EJ","family":"Callister","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mayam","family":"Gomez-Cano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Round","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bethany","family":"Shinkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard D","family":"Neal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1987","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022011921351591000_72.714.e34.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(15)00205-3"},{"key":"2022011921351591000_72.714.e34.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2013.01.025"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022011921351591000_72.714.e34.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.965","article-title":"General practice consultations, diagnostic investigations, and prescriptions in the year preceding a lung cancer diagnosis","volume":"6","author":"Guldbrandt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Med"},{"key":"2022011921351591000_72.714.e34.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(12)70041-4"},{"key":"2022011921351591000_72.714.e34.5","unstructured":"National Cancer Intelligence Network (2018) Routes to diagnosis, http:\/\/www.ncin.org.uk\/publications\/routes_to_diagnosis (accessed 2 Dec 2021)."},{"key":"2022011921351591000_72.714.e34.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-014-0656-4","article-title":"The role of general practice in routes to diagnosis of lung cancer in Denmark: a population-based study of general practice involvement, diagnostic activity and diagnostic intervals","volume":"15","author":"Guldbrandt","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"529","key":"2022011921351591000_72.714.e34.7","first-page":"570","article-title":"Negative chest X-rays in primary care patients with lung cancer","volume":"56","author":"Stapley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br J Gen Pract"},{"key":"2022011921351591000_72.714.e34.8","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2021) Suspected cancer: recognition and referral NG12, https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/ng12 (accessed 1 Dec 2021)."},{"issue":"11","key":"2022011921351591000_72.714.e34.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(19)30456-5","article-title":"Progress in cancer survival, mortality, and incidence in seven high-income countries 1995\u20132014 (ICBP SURVMARK-2): a population-based study","volume":"20","author":"Arnold","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"2022011921351591000_72.714.e34.10","unstructured":"Cancer Research Lung cancer incidence statistics, https:\/\/www.cancerresearchuk.org\/health-professional\/cancer-statistics\/statistics-by-cancer-type\/lung-cancer\/incidence#heading-Two (accessed 1 Dec 2021)."},{"key":"2022011921351591000_72.714.e34.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Round T Gildea C Ashworth M M\u00f8ller H (2020) Association between use of urgent suspected cancer referral and mortality and stage at diagnosis: a 5-year national cohort study. 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