{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T14:56:55Z","timestamp":1787237815638,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Royal College of General Practitioners","issue":"740","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,12]],"date-time":"2019-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1549929600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Br J Gen Pract"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,14]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Understanding pre-diagnostic prescribing activity could reveal windows during which more timely cancer investigation and detection may occur.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To examine prescription patterns for common urological clinical features prior to renal and bladder cancer diagnoses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design and setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A retrospective cohort study was performed using electronic primary care and cancer registry data on patients with bladder and renal cancer, who received their diagnosis between April 2012 and December 2015 in England.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Primary care prescriptions up to 2 years pre- diagnosis were analysed for five groups of clinical features (irritative urological symptoms, obstructive symptoms, urinary tract infections [UTIs], genital infections, and atrophic vaginitis). Poisson regressions estimating the inflection point from which the rate of prescriptions increased from baseline were used to identify the start of diagnostic windows during which cancer could be detected.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 48 094 prescriptions for 5322 patients were analysed. Inflection points for an increase in UTI prescriptions were identified 9 months pre- diagnosis for renal (95% confidence interval [CI] = 5.3 to 12.7) and bladder (95% CI = 7.4 to 10.6) cancers. For bladder cancer, the change in UTI antibiotic prescription rates occurred 4 months earlier in females (11 months pre- diagnosis, 95% CI = 9.7 to 12.3) than in males (7 months pre-diagnosis, 95% CI = 5.4 to 8.6). For other clinical features, no inflection points were identified and, as such, no diagnostic windows could be defined.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prescription rates for UTIs increased 9 months before bladder and renal cancer diagnoses, indicating that there is potential to expedite diagnosis of these cancers in patients presenting with features of UTI. The greatest opportunity for more timely diagnosis may be in females with bladder cancer, who experienced the earliest increase in UTI prescription rate.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgp.2023.0122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]],"date-time":"2023-09-01T15:05:16Z","timestamp":1693580716000},"page":"e149-e155","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Pre-diagnostic prescription patterns in bladder and renal cancer: a longitudinal linked data study"],"prefix":"10.3399","volume":"74","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4156-6401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Garth","family":"Funston","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"Moullet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6089-0661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luke","family":"Mounce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2873-7421","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgios","family":"Lyratzopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7191-6476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fiona M","family":"Walter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8815-1457","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yin","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1987","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024082303500718000_74.740.e149.1","unstructured":"Cancer Research UK Kidney cancer statistics. https:\/\/www.cancerresearchuk.org\/health-professional\/cancer-statistics\/statistics-by-cancer-type\/kidney-cancer (accessed 31 Oct 2023)."},{"key":"2024082303500718000_74.740.e149.2","unstructured":"Cancer Research UK Bladder cancer statistics. https:\/\/www.cancerresearchuk.org\/health-professional\/cancer-statistics\/statistics-by-cancer-type\/bladder-cancer (accessed 31 Oct 2023)."},{"issue":"7","key":"2024082303500718000_74.740.e149.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1778","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-019-00966-x","article-title":"Improving the timely detection of bladder and kidney cancer in primary care","volume":"36","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv Ther"},{"key":"2024082303500718000_74.740.e149.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(12)70041-4"},{"key":"2024082303500718000_74.740.e149.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-029143"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024082303500718000_74.740.e149.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13010156","article-title":"Prolonged diagnostic intervals as marker of missed diagnostic opportunities in bladder and kidney cancer patients with alarm features: a longitudinal linked data study","volume":"13","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"2024082303500718000_74.740.e149.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canep.2021.102072"},{"key":"2024082303500718000_74.740.e149.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.29418"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024082303500718000_74.740.e149.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.4145","article-title":"New use of prescription drugs prior to a cancer diagnosis","volume":"26","author":"Potteg\u00e5rd","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf"},{"key":"2024082303500718000_74.740.e149.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12875-021-01482-0"},{"key":"2024082303500718000_74.740.e149.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canep.2022.102284","article-title":"Steroid prescribing in primary care increases prior to Hodgkin lymphoma diagnosis: a UK nationwide case\u2013control study","volume":"81","author":"Rafiq","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024082303500718000_74.740.e149.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.965","article-title":"General practice consultations, diagnostic investigations, and prescriptions in the year preceding a lung cancer diagnosis","volume":"6","author":"Guldbrandt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Med"},{"key":"2024082303500718000_74.740.e149.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canep.2020.101703"},{"key":"2024082303500718000_74.740.e149.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou Y Walter FM Mounce L (2022) Identifying opportunities for timely diagnosis of bladder and renal cancer via abnormal blood tests: a longitudinal linked data study. 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