{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T05:44:05Z","timestamp":1785390245299,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Royal College of General Practitioners","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,12]],"date-time":"2019-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1549929600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Br J Gen Pract"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>A history of anxiety is more common in people with Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD). The prospective risk of PD in those newly presenting with anxiety and factors that increase the risk of PD in patients with anxiety have not been investigated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate the incidence of PD in people with anxiety aged \u226550 years and clinical features associated with later diagnosis of PD in people with anxiety.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design and setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>A retrospective cohort study using UK primary care data between 2008 and 2018, assessing patients with new-onset anxiety aged \u226550 years.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>Weibull survival regression models were fitted and hazard ratios (HRs) for modelling time-to-PD was estimated in those with and without anxiety, and when determining the risk of developing PD in those with anxiety. Results were adjusted for sociodemographic and lifestyle factors, and relevant physical and mental health conditions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The risk of PD increased two-fold compared with the non-anxiety group after adjustment for age, sex, social deprivation, lifestyle factors, severe mental illness, head trauma, and dementia (HR 2.1, 95% confidence interval = 1.9 to 2.4). In those with anxiety, the presence of depression, hypotension, tremor, rigidity, balance impairment, constipation, sleep disturbance, fatigue, and cognitive impairment were associated with an increased risk of developing PD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The risk of developing PD was at least doubled in people with anxiety compared with those without. The clinical features of those who developed PD can help identify patients presenting with anxiety who are in the prodromal phase of PD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgp.2023.0423","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,21]],"date-time":"2024-03-21T11:45:14Z","timestamp":1711021514000},"page":"BJGP.2023.0423","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease in people aged \u226550 years with new-onset anxiety: a retrospective cohort study in UK primary care"],"prefix":"10.3399","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6169-8049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Carlos","family":"Bazo-Alvarez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1239-3417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danielle","family":"Nimmons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2173-2430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kate","family":"Walters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0037-7524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irene","family":"Petersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9872-6680","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anette","family":"Schrag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1987","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024062417252739000_BJGP.2023.0423v2.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2010.35"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024062417252739000_BJGP.2023.0423v2.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2018.09.006","article-title":"Anxiety as a risk factor for cognitive decline: a 12-year follow-up cohort study","volume":"27","author":"Gulpers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"issue":"23","key":"2024062417252739000_BJGP.2023.0423v2.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12786","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182312786","article-title":"Incidence of anxiety in latest life and risk factors. 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