{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T05:20:08Z","timestamp":1780464008767,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Royal College of General Practitioners","issue":"766","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,12]],"date-time":"2019-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1549929600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Br J Gen Pract"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Vaccination is a cornerstone of childhood public health. However, uptake has declined across the UK, with urban, deprived, and ethnically diverse communities facing unique barriers, exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To identify socioeconomic and clinical predictors of incomplete and untimely childhood vaccination between 2010 and 2023.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design and setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This was a cross-sectional study using electronic health records from 40 general practices in Lambeth, an ethnically diverse London borough.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Routinely collected data for 37 912 children eligible for vaccines by age 5 years were analysed. Multivariable logistic regression assessed associations between predictors and (a) vaccination uptake and (b) timeliness, defined as receipt within 3 months of the scheduled age.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of eligible children, 61.0% (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 23 119\/37 912) were fully vaccinated; of these, 60.8% (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 14 062\/23 119) were vaccinated on time. Lower uptake was associated with deprivation (most versus least deprived: adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 0.66, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.51 to 0.84), born outside the UK versus UK born (AOR 0.10, 95% CI = 0.08 to 0.12), and ethnicities other than White British (for example, Black Caribbean: AOR 0.30, 95% CI = 0.25 to 0.36). Children with clinical comorbidities had higher uptake (for example primary care-managed comorbidity: AOR 1.58, 95% CI = 1.46 to 1.71). Timeliness patterns differed: among those vaccinated, children born outside the UK and those from African, Caribbean, and Mixed ethnic backgrounds had higher odds of timely vaccination.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Different predictors for uptake and timeliness highlight the need for strategies addressing both access and timely delivery. Local data should inform targeted, place-based interventions. Culturally competent services, integrated into routine primary care and codesigned with communities, are recommended.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgp.2025.0319","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T13:20:16Z","timestamp":1762867216000},"page":"e423-e433","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Predictors of childhood vaccination uptake and timeliness: a cross-sectional study in a diverse urban UK population"],"prefix":"10.3399","volume":"76","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3046-8638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karol","family":"Basta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2739-6901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiten","family":"Dodhia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Crompton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Whitney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5743-5262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petrina","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4503-4012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachael","family":"Kilner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8788-7541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ese","family":"Iyasere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1987","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026051305300824000_76.766.e423.1","unstructured":"UK Health Security Agency (2025) Cover of vaccination evaluated rapidly (COVER) programme: annual data (UK Health Security Agency), accessed. https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/cover-of-vaccination-evaluated-rapidly-cover-programme-annual-data. 12 Jan 2026."},{"key":"2026051305300824000_76.766.e423.2","unstructured":"Public Health England (2021) National Immunisation Programme: health equity audit (Public Health England), accessed. https:\/\/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk\/media\/60183a8de90e07128e743b85\/immnstn-equity_AUDIT_v11.pdf. 12 Jan 2026."},{"key":"2026051305300824000_76.766.e423.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10071038"},{"key":"2026051305300824000_76.766.e423.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/003335491012500408"},{"key":"2026051305300824000_76.766.e423.5","unstructured":"Office for Health Improvement and Disparities (2024) Health Equity Assessment Tool (HEAT) (Office for Health Improvement and Disparities), accessed. https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/health-equity-assessment-tool-heat. 12 Jan 2026."},{"key":"2026051305300824000_76.766.e423.6","unstructured":"NHS England (2024) NHS commissioning: plans to April 2026 (NHS England), accessed. https:\/\/www.england.nhs.uk\/long-read\/nhs-commissioning-plans-to-april-2026. 12 Jan 2026."},{"key":"2026051305300824000_76.766.e423.7","unstructured":"Optum EMIS Web (Optum), accessed. https:\/\/www.emishealth.com\/emis-web. 22 Jan 2026."},{"key":"2026051305300824000_76.766.e423.8","unstructured":"UK Government Web Archive Routine childhood immunisation schedule. accessed. https:\/\/webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk\/ukgwa\/timeline\/https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/routine-childhood-immunisation-schedule. 22 Jan 2026."},{"key":"2026051305300824000_76.766.e423.9","unstructured":"Ministry of Housing, Communities & Local Government Accredited official statistics: English indices of deprivation 2019 (Ministry of Housing, Communities & Local Government), accessed. https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/statistics\/english-indices-of-deprivation-2019. 13 Jan 2026."},{"key":"2026051305300824000_76.766.e423.10","unstructured":"NHS (2025) How to register with a GP surgery (NHS), accessed. https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/nhs-services\/gps\/how-to-register-with-a-gp-surgery. 6 Dec 2025."},{"key":"2026051305300824000_76.766.e423.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2019.1619403"},{"key":"2026051305300824000_76.766.e423.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.02.049"},{"key":"2026051305300824000_76.766.e423.13","unstructured":"UK Health Security Agency (2017) Immunisation against infectious disease: the green book. Chapter 6: contraindications and special considerations (UK Health Security Agency), accessed. https:\/\/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk\/media\/5a82ce28e5274a2e8ab5970f\/Greenbook_chapter_6.pdf. 6 Dec 2025."},{"key":"2026051305300824000_76.766.e423.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2024-079550"},{"key":"2026051305300824000_76.766.e423.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.10.085"},{"key":"2026051305300824000_76.766.e423.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckaa069"},{"key":"2026051305300824000_76.766.e423.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2023.11.063"},{"key":"2026051305300824000_76.766.e423.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.07.080"},{"key":"2026051305300824000_76.766.e423.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.12.001"},{"key":"2026051305300824000_76.766.e423.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2018.09.032"},{"key":"2026051305300824000_76.766.e423.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.102281"},{"key":"2026051305300824000_76.766.e423.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2023.08.002"},{"key":"2026051305300824000_76.766.e423.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2022.06.080"},{"key":"2026051305300824000_76.766.e423.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7106-5"},{"key":"2026051305300824000_76.766.e423.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2021.12.011"},{"key":"2026051305300824000_76.766.e423.26","unstructured":"NHS England (2018) MMR immunisation: revised letter (London: NHS England)."},{"key":"2026051305300824000_76.766.e423.27","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) (2026) Published: Guidance, quality standards and advice (NICE), accessed. https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/published?ngt=Cancer%20service%20guidelines&ngt=Clinical%20guidelines&ngt=Medicines%20practice%20guidelines&ngt=Public%20health%20guidelines&ngt=Safe%20staffing%20guidelines&ngt=Social%20care%20guidelines&ndt=Guidance. 22 Jan 2026."}],"container-title":["British Journal of General Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.3399\/BJGP.2025.0319","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T12:33:04Z","timestamp":1778675584000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/bjgp.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.3399\/BJGP.2025.0319"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"766","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.3399\/BJGP.2025.0319"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3399\/bjgp.2025.0319","relation":{},"ISSN":["0960-1643","1478-5242"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0960-1643","type":"print"},{"value":"1478-5242","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]]}}}