{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T18:57:13Z","timestamp":1791658633849,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,5]],"date-time":"2015-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1444003200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":277,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,1]],"date-time":"2015-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1420070400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.tandfonline.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Extracellular Vesicle"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Penetration of skin, migration through tissues and establishment of long\u2010lived intravascular partners require <jats:italic>Schistosoma<\/jats:italic> parasites to successfully manipulate definitive host defences. While previous studies of larval schistosomula have postulated a function for excreted\/secreted (E\/S) products in initiating these host\u2010modulatory events, the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) has yet to be considered. Here, using preparatory ultracentrifugation as well as methodologies to globally analyse both proteins and small non\u2010coding RNAs (sncRNAs), we conducted the first characterization of <jats:italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/jats:italic> schistosomula EVs and their potential host\u2010regulatory cargos.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Transmission electron microscopy analysis of EVs isolated from schistosomula <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> cultures revealed the presence of numerous, 30\u2013100\u00a0nm sized exosome\u2010like vesicles. Proteomic analysis of these vesicles revealed a core set of 109 proteins, including homologs to those previously found enriched in other eukaryotic EVs, as well as hypothetical proteins of high abundance and currently unknown function. Characterization of E\/S sncRNAs found within and outside of schistosomula EVs additionally identified the presence of potential gene\u2010regulatory miRNAs (35\u00a0known and 170 potentially novel miRNAs) and tRNA\u2010derived small RNAs (tsRNAs; nineteen 5\u2032 tsRNAs and fourteen 3\u2032 tsRNAs).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The identification of <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic> EVs and the combinatorial protein\/sncRNA characterization of their cargo signifies that an important new participant in the complex biology underpinning schistosome\/host interactions has now been discovered. Further work defining the role of these schistosomula EVs and the function\/stability of intra\u2010 and extra\u2010vesicular sncRNA components presents tremendous opportunities for developing novel schistosomiasis diagnostics or interventions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3402\/jev.v4.28665","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,5]],"date-time":"2015-10-05T03:52:45Z","timestamp":1444017165000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/tandf_crossmark_01","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":156,"title":["Protein and small non\u2010coding RNA\u2010enriched extracellular vesicles are released by the pathogenic blood fluke <i>Schistosoma mansoni<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Fanny C.","family":"Nowacki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IBERS Aberystwyth University Aberystwyth UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin 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