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Specific populations of urinary extracellular vesicles (EVs) could potentially be used for such a diagnostic test. Random urine samples were obtained from age\u2010 and sex\u2010stratified living kidney donors before kidney donation. A biopsy of the donor kidney was obtained at the time of transplantation to identify nephron hypertrophy (larger glomerular volume, cortex per glomerulus and mean profile tubular area) and nephrosclerosis (% fibrosis, % glomerulosclerosis and arteriosclerosis). Renal parenchymal\u2010derived EVs in cell\u2010free urine were quantified by digital flow cytometry. The relationship between these EV populations and structural pathology on the kidney biopsy was assessed. Clinical characteristics of the kidney donors (n=138, age range: 20\u201370 years, 50% women) were within the normative range. Overall, urine from women contained more EVs than that from men. The number of exosomes, juxtaglomerular cells and podocyte marker\u2013positive EVs decreased (p&lt;0.05) with increasing age. There were fewer total EVs as well as EVs positive for mesangial cell, parietal cell, descending limb of Henle's loop (simple squamous epithelium), collecting tubule\u2010intercalated cell and monocyte chemoattractant protein\u20101 markers (p&lt;0.05) in persons with nephron hypertrophy. The number of EVs positive for intercellular adhesion molecule\u20101, juxtaglomerular cell, podocyte, parietal cell, proximal tubular epithelial cell, distal tubular epithelial cell and collecting duct cells were fewer (p&lt;0.05) in persons with nephrosclerosis. EVs carrying markers of cells from the renal pelvis epithelium did not associate with any indices of nephron hypertrophy or nephrosclerosis. Therefore, specific populations of EVs derived from cells of the glomerulus and nephron associate with underlying kidney structural changes. Further validation of these findings in other cohorts is needed to determine their clinical utility.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3402\/jev.v5.29642","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,1]],"date-time":"2016-02-01T02:56:51Z","timestamp":1454295411000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/tandf_crossmark_01","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["Specific renal parenchymal\u2010derived urinary extracellular vesicles identify age\u2010associated structural changes in living donor kidneys"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Anne E.","family":"Turco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology &amp; Biomedical Engineering College of Medicine Mayo Clinic Rochester MN USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wing","family":"Lam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology &amp; Biomedical Engineering College of Medicine Mayo Clinic Rochester MN 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