{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:59:13Z","timestamp":1792807153559,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"NIH\/NIDDK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K08DK107864"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K08DK107864"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"NIH\/NIDDK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DK11087103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DK11087103"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"NIH\/NIDDK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K23DK102824"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23DK102824"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Indiana University Grand Challenge Precision Health Initiative","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01kg8sb98","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000069","name":"National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30AR072581-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30AR072581-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000069","name":"National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AR077273"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AR077273"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Kidney360"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Key Points<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>The CKD-PGX study assessed the feasibility of pharmacogenomic testing for a panel of antihypertensive agent efficacy predictors.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Most patients with uncontrolled hypertension had one or more drug-gene interactions predicting reduced efficacy of their medications.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>In 36% of cases, practitioners used genetic data to change BP management in their patients with CKD.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients with CKD often have uncontrolled hypertension despite polypharmacy. Pharmacogenomic drug-gene interactions (DGIs) may affect the metabolism or efficacy of antihypertensive agents. We report changes in hypertension control after providing a panel of 11 pharmacogenomic predictors of antihypertensive response.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A prospective cohort with CKD and hypertension was followed to assess feasibility of pharmacogenomic testing implementation, self-reported provider utilization, and BP control. The analysis population included 382 subjects with hypertension who were genotyped for cross-sectional assessment of DGIs, and 335 subjects followed for 1 year to assess systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Most participants (58%) with uncontrolled hypertension had a DGI reducing the efficacy of one or more antihypertensive agents. Subjects with a DGI had 1.85-fold (95% CI, 1.2- to 2.8-fold) higher odds of uncontrolled hypertension, as compared with those without a DGI, adjusted for race, health system (safety-net hospital versus other locations), and advanced CKD (eGFR &lt;30 ml\/min).\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">CYP2C9<\/jats:italic>\n                      -reduced metabolism genotypes were associated with losartan response and uncontrolled hypertension (odds ratio [OR], 5.2; 95% CI, 1.9 to 14.7).\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">CYP2D6<\/jats:italic>\n                      -intermediate or -poor metabolizers had less frequent uncontrolled hypertension compared with normal metabolizers taking metoprolol or carvedilol (OR, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.3 to 0.95). In 335 subjects completing 1-year follow-up, SBP (\u22124.0 mm Hg; 95% CI, 1.6 to 6.5 mm Hg) and DBP (\u22123.3 mm Hg; 95% CI, 2.0 to 4.6 mm Hg) were improved. No significant difference in SBP or DBP change were found between individuals with and without a DGI.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There is a potential role for the addition of pharmacogenomic testing to optimize antihypertensive regimens in patients with CKD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.34067\/kid.0005362021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]],"date-time":"2021-12-09T10:35:25Z","timestamp":1639046125000},"page":"307-316","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Pharmacogenomics of Hypertension in CKD: The CKD-PGX Study"],"prefix":"10.34067","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3066-2876","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael T.","family":"Eadon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana"},{"name":"Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0119-097X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Judith","family":"Maddatu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon M.","family":"Moe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arjun D.","family":"Sinha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana"},{"name":"Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Melo Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brent W.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. Jawad","family":"Sher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4917-6173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Health Data Science, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2871-5051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victoria M.","family":"Pratt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arlene B.","family":"Chapman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, 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