{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T20:31:46Z","timestamp":1786480306537,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004853","name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["6905134"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6905134"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004853","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004853","name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["7101215"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7101215"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004853","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Kidney360"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Key Points<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Hepatitis B is a common cause of cryoglobulinemia in southeast Asia as compared with hepatitis C in Western countries.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>The presence of cryoglobulinemia in hepatitis B is associated with a worse renal event\u2013free survival.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>The renal prognosis of cryoglobulinemia appears to be affected by the underlying cause, with hepatitis B having a worse renal outcome.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cryoglobulinemia is a systemic disease and the clinical involvement is variable. The long-term renal outcome of cryoglobulinemia remains unclear, and most published series are from the Western world, with a high proportion of chronic hepatitis C. The objective is to determine the prevalence, causes, and renal outcome of cryoglobulinemia in Hong Kong.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We reviewed 289 patients with cryoglobulinemia in the public hospital database of Hong Kong between 2000 and 2019. The renal event\u2013free survival, dialysis-free survival, and overall survival were analyzed according to the underlying etiologies, and compared with 7483 patients who tested negative for cryoglobulinemia during the same period.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among the patients with cryoglobulinemia, 68 (24%) had chronic hepatitis B, 69 (24%) had hepatitis C, and 14 (5%) paraproteinemia. They were followed for 62.7\u00b158.0 months. The 5-year dialysis-free survival was 68%, 70%, 67%, and 83% for patients with cryoglobulinemia attributed to hepatitis B, hepatitis C, paraproteinemia, and unknown etiology, respectively (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      =0.05), and their 5-year overall survival was 61%, 58%, 22%, and 72%, respectively (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      =0.002). Among patients with hepatitis B, the group with cryoglobulin had a worse renal event\u2013free survival than those without (36% versus 43%,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      =0.005), although their dialysis-free survival and all-cause mortality were similar. For patients with hepatitis C or paraproteinemia, the presence of cryoglobulin did not affect the renal outcome.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hepatitis B is a common cause of cryoglobulinemia in southeast Asia, and the presence of cryoglobulinemia is associated with a worse renal event\u2013free survival. The renal prognosis of cryoglobulinemia appears to be affected by the underlying cause, with hepatitis B having a worse renal outcome and patients with paraproteinemia having a worse overall survival than those with other causes of cryoglobulinemia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.34067\/kid.0007532020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,22]],"date-time":"2021-02-22T11:45:17Z","timestamp":1613994317000},"page":"721-728","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Clinical Spectrum and Renal Outcome of Cryoglobulinemia in Hong Kong"],"prefix":"10.34067","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7676-7628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Winston Wing-Shing","family":"Fung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terry Cheuk-Fung","family":"Yip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent Wai-Sun","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai-Ming","family":"Chow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grace Lai-Hung","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheuk-Chun","family":"Szeto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China"},{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1-20250825","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2015.02.017","article-title":"Cryoglobulinemia vasculitis","volume":"128","author":"Cacoub","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"B2-20250825","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60242-0","article-title":"The cryoglobulinaemias","volume":"379","author":"Ramos-Casals","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B3-20250825","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(74)90852-3","article-title":"Biologic and clinical significance of cryoglobulins. 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