{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T20:17:27Z","timestamp":1793909847833,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":200,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,14]],"date-time":"2020-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597363200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":226,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002855","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2016YFA0202702"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFA0202702"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002855","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["51372271"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51372271"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["51672029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51672029"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) plays significant roles in electrochemical energy storage and conversion systems as well as clean synthesis of fine chemicals. However, the ORR process shows sluggish kinetics and requires platinum-group noble metal catalysts to accelerate the reaction. The high cost, rare reservation, and unsatisfied durability significantly impede large-scale commercialization of platinum-based catalysts. Single-atom electrocatalysts (SAECs) featuring with well-defined structure, high intrinsic activity, and maximum atom efficiency have emerged as a novel field in electrocatalytic science since it is promising to substitute expensive platinum-group noble metal catalysts. However, finely fabricating SAECs with uniform and highly dense active sites, fully maximizing the utilization efficiency of active sites, and maintaining the atomically isolated sites as single-atom centers under harsh electrocatalytic conditions remain urgent challenges. In this review, we summarized recent advances of SAECs in synthesis, characterization, oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) performance, and applications in ORR-related H\n            <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n            O\n            <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n            production, metal-air batteries, and low-temperature fuel cells. Relevant progress on tailoring the coordination structure of isolated metal centers by doping other metals or ligands, enriching the concentration of single-atom sites by increasing metal loadings, and engineering the porosity and electronic structure of the support by optimizing the mass and electron transport are also reviewed. Moreover, general strategies to synthesize SAECs with high metal loadings on practical scale are highlighted, the deep learning algorithm for rational design of SAECs is introduced, and theoretical understanding of active-site structures of SAECs is discussed as well. Perspectives on future directions and remaining challenges of SAECs are presented.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.34133\/2020\/9512763","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,15]],"date-time":"2020-08-15T00:06:55Z","timestamp":1597450015000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Recent Advances in Single-Atom Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction"],"prefix":"10.34133","volume":"2020","author":[{"given":"Junxing","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China"},{"name":"School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juanjuan","family":"Bian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China"},{"name":"School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3610-9396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chunwen","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China"},{"name":"School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/S0187-893X(18)30074-0","article-title":"The history of catalysis. 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