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Mann Innovation in Engineering Doctoral Fellowship"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["P30EY029220"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30EY029220"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01EY030126"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EY030126"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01EY028662"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EY028662"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01EY032229"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EY032229"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BME Front"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            <jats:italic>Objective<\/jats:italic>\n            . Retinal degeneration involving progressive deterioration and loss of function of photoreceptors is a major cause of permanent vision loss worldwide. Strategies to treat these incurable conditions incorporate retinal prostheses via electrically stimulating surviving retinal neurons with implanted devices in the eye, optogenetic therapy, and sonogenetic therapy. Existing challenges of these strategies include invasive manner, complex implantation surgeries, and risky gene therapy.\n            <jats:italic>Methods and Results<\/jats:italic>\n            . Here, we show that direct ultrasound stimulation on the retina can evoke neuron activities from the visual centers including the superior colliculus and the primary visual cortex (V1), in either normal-sighted or retinal degenerated blind rats\n            <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n            . The neuron activities induced by the customized spherically focused 3.1\u2009MHz ultrasound transducer have shown both good spatial resolution of 250\u2009\n            <jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>\n            m and temporal resolution of 5\u2009Hz in the rat visual centers. An additional customized 4.4\u2009MHz helical transducer was further implemented to generate a static stimulation pattern of letter forms.\n            <jats:italic>Conclusion<\/jats:italic>\n            . Our findings demonstrate that ultrasound stimulation of the retina\n            <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n            is a safe and effective approach with high spatiotemporal resolution, indicating a promising future of ultrasound stimulation as a novel and noninvasive visual prosthesis for translational applications in blind patients.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.34133\/2022\/9829316","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,22]],"date-time":"2022-02-22T23:45:14Z","timestamp":1645573514000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Noninvasive Ultrasound Retinal Stimulation for Vision Restoration at High Spatiotemporal Resolution"],"prefix":"10.34133","volume":"2022","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3634-8757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuejun","family":"Qian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7497-050X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gengxi","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Biju B.","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Runze","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K. 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