{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T20:13:41Z","timestamp":1782591221095,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,27]],"date-time":"2022-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651017600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":116,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01DA046619"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DA046619"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Health Data Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Background.<\/jats:italic>\n                    The behaviors and emotions associated with and reasons for nonmedical prescription drug use (NMPDU) are not well-captured through traditional instruments such as surveys and insurance claims. Publicly available NMPDU-related posts on social media can potentially be leveraged to study these aspects unobtrusively and at scale.\n                    <jats:italic>Methods.<\/jats:italic>\n                    We applied a machine learning classifier to detect self-reports of NMPDU on Twitter and extracted all public posts of the associated users. We analyzed approximately 137 million posts from 87,718 Twitter users in terms of expressed emotions, sentiments, concerns, and possible reasons for NMPDU via natural language processing.\n                    <jats:italic>Results.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Users in the NMPDU group express more negative emotions and less positive emotions, more concerns about family, the past, and body, and less concerns related to work, leisure, home, money, religion, health, and achievement compared to a control group (i.e., users who never reported NMPDU). NMPDU posts tend to be highly polarized, indicating potential emotional triggers. Gender-specific analyses show that female users in the NMPDU group express more content related to positive emotions, anticipation, sadness, joy, concerns about family, friends, home, health, and the past, and less about anger than males. The findings are consistent across distinct prescription drug categories (opioids, benzodiazepines, stimulants, and polysubstance).\n                    <jats:italic>Conclusion.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Our analyses of large-scale data show that substantial differences exist between the texts of the posts from users who self-report NMPDU on Twitter and those who do not, and between males and females who report NMPDU. Our findings can enrich our understanding of NMPDU and the population involved.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.34133\/2022\/9851989","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,27]],"date-time":"2022-04-27T19:45:08Z","timestamp":1651088708000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Large-Scale Social Media Analysis Reveals Emotions Associated with Nonmedical Prescription Drug Use"],"prefix":"10.34133","volume":"2022","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6991-2687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed Ali","family":"Al-Garadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan-Chi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuting","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sangmi","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer S.","family":"Love","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Oregon Health &amp; Science University, Portland, OR, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeanmarie","family":"Perrone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abeed","family":"Sarker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_1_2","unstructured":"United Nations The Non-Medical Use Of Prescription Drugs: Policy Direction Issues United Nations 2011"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20350","article-title":"Nonmedical use of prescription drugs in adolescents and young adults: not just a Western phenomenon","volume":"16","author":"Martins S. 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