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DNA cryptography is an emerging discipline focused on achieving information security within this new paradigm. In this paper, we first present the foundational concepts of cryptography and biological technologies involved in DNA cryptography. We then comprehensively review 2 types of DNA cryptography: pseudo-DNA cryptography and natural DNA cryptography. After summarizing and discussing the security foundations of these cryptographic methods, we highlight the main challenges relating to measurability, standard protocols, robustness, and operability. Finally, we outline future directions for DNA cryptography, hoping to facilitate the evolution of this nascent field.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.34133\/icomputing.0106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,27]],"date-time":"2024-12-27T10:33:47Z","timestamp":1735295627000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark_01","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["A Review of DNA Cryptography"],"prefix":"10.34133","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Ling","family":"Chu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Computing Science and Technology, \rGuangzhou University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanqing","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Computing Science and Technology, \rGuangzhou University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangyu","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Computing Science and Technology, \rGuangzhou University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Computing Science and Technology, \rGuangzhou University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China."},{"name":"School of Computer Science of Information Technology, \rQiannan Normal University for Nationalities, Duyun, Guizhou, China."},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence in Medical Image Analysis and Application, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9091-3177","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wenbin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Computing Science and Technology, \rGuangzhou University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China."},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence in Medical Image Analysis and Application, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwaa007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","unstructured":"Rydning DR-JG-J Reinsel J Gantz J. 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