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This system utilizes the iron dependence of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    to enhance the targeting ability of TIG and increase the drug concentration at the infection site, thereby enhancing the antibacterial activity and providing a promising strategy for combating drug-resistant gram-negative bacterial pneumonia.\n                    <jats:bold>Introduction:<\/jats:bold>\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    is a gram-negative bacillus that causes severe primary pneumonia with high pathogenicity and increasing drug resistance. TIG is a key therapeutic option, but its clinical effectiveness is limited by extensive systemic distribution and insufficient drug concentration at infectious foci. HB serves as a promising protein nanocarrier and provides iron, an essential nutrient for\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    growth, suggesting great potential for targeted antibiotic delivery.\n                    <jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Molecular docking was performed to analyze the binding affinity and interaction between HB and TIG. TIG\u2013HBNP was fabricated via a drug\u2013protein self-assembly approach. The nanoparticles were characterized in terms of particle size, zeta potential, drug-loading efficiency, morphology using transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy, stability, and biocompatibility. Targeting capability was evaluated. Pharmacokinetic profiles and antibacterial activity were further assessed.\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Molecular docking verified stable binding between TIG and HB. TIG\u2013HBNP exhibited a uniform spherical morphology, a particle size of approximately 200 nm, a negative surface charge, and a drug-loading efficiency exceeding 20%. The nanoparticles showed favorable stability and safety. Enhanced targeting to\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    was confirmed in both in\u00a0vitro and in\u00a0vivo models. Improved pharmacokinetic behavior and enhanced antibacterial activity against\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    were also observed.\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold>\n                    TIG\u2013HBNP enhances TIG\u2019s therapeutic efficacy against\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    infections. Furthermore, HB holds promise as a versatile carrier for diverse antibiotics, offering a scalable platform to combat multidrug-resistant pathogens.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.34133\/bmef.0241","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T08:27:13Z","timestamp":1773217633000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark_01","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Hemoglobin-Based Nanoparticle Delivery System Enhances the Pharmacokinetics and Efficacy of Tigecycline in\n                    <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/i>\n                    Infections"],"prefix":"10.34133","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Xingfang","family":"Qiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, \rSouthwest University, Chongqing 400715, China."},{"name":"Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiwen","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, \rSouthwest University, Chongqing 400715, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yinglan","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, \rSouthwest University, Chongqing 400715, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhe","family":"Qiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingjian","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanlei","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, \rSouthwest University, Chongqing 400715, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7060-434X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lei","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, \rSouthwest University, Chongqing 400715, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-024-03298-1","article-title":"Occurrence, antibiotic resistance profiles and associated risk factors of Klebsiella pneumoniae in poultry farms in selected districts of Somalia Reginal State, Ethiopia","volume":"24","author":"Kahin MA","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kahin MA, Mohamed AH, Mohamed AA, Hassan MA, Gebremeskel HF, Kebede IA. 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