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In\u00a0vivo Evans blue experiments in mice were then used to compare BBB opening across pressure levels and to characterize the recovery profile from 0.5 to 12 h after 0.3-MPa TI sonication.\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Ultrasound-driven MB oscillation and collapse increased vessel-wall stress and modeled porosity. Compared with single-frequency ultrasound, TI excitation promoted earlier MB instability and collapse and produced stronger vessel-wall mechanical responses under energy-equivalent acoustic exposure conditions. In\u00a0vivo, Evans blue extravasation increased with the reference pressure amplitude and showed higher mean values following TI ultrasound, with a significant between-mode difference at 0.5 MPa. After 0.3-MPa TI sonication, extravasation progressively decreased from 0.5 to 12 h, consistent with a transient BBB permeability increase. Non-Newtonian rheology altered the local shear environment but had limited effects on peak normal stress and porosity within the simulated time window.\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold>\n                    TI ultrasound enhances MB-mediated BBB opening under energy-normalized acoustic exposure conditions while producing a time-limited increase in permeability, supporting its further development for temporally controlled brain delivery.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.34133\/bmef.0323","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T12:35:05Z","timestamp":1790685305000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark_01","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Precise Manipulation of Bubble Cavitation and Blood\u2013Brain Barrier Modulation using Temporal Interference Ultrasound"],"prefix":"10.34133","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Jie","family":"Jin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medical Science and Engineering, \rBeijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenxiang","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medical Science and Engineering, \rBeijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhetao","family":"Shangguan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medical Science and Engineering, \rBeijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianyi","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medical Science and Engineering, \rBeijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengyou","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics and Electronics, \rHunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2797-1240","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dingjie","family":"Suo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medical Science and Engineering, \rBeijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01481-w","article-title":"The blood\u2013brain barrier: Structure, regulation and drug delivery","volume":"8","author":"Wu D","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wu D, Chen Q, Chen X, Han F, Chen Z, Wang Y. 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