{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T06:26:59Z","timestamp":1776407219357,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021171","name":"GuangDong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2021A1515012164"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021A1515012164"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021171","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"International Science and Technology Cooperation for Shenzhen Technology Innovation Plan","award":["GJHZ20200731095411034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GJHZ20200731095411034"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020YFA0908000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFA0908000"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["spj.science.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biomater Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Metabolic reprogramming represents a defining feature of the tumor microenvironment, driving both unchecked proliferation and therapeutic resistance. While conventional single-target metabolic therapies have demonstrated limited efficacy owing to the intrinsic adaptability of tumor cells, recent attention has turned toward natural herbal medicine. Combining broad, multilayered actions with low toxicity, they offer a promising way to modulate tumor metabolism and overcome current therapeutic limits. Herein, this work introduces an Artesunate\/Icaritin (ART\/ICA) hybrid nanoplatform derived from herbal medicine that employs a multimodal energy depletion strategy for malignant tumor therapy. Coadministration of ICA and ART in a nano-platform produces a mutually reinforcing effect that amplifies inhibition of glucose uptake, strengthens antiangiogenic activity, and intensifies mitochondrial dysfunction, overcoming the limitations of single-pathway interventions. The glutathione-responsive disulfide linkages in the nanomedicine enabled controlled, tumor-selective drug release, enhancing the therapeutic agents\u2019 stability and bioavailability. In\u00a0vitro mechanistic studies supported by RNA sequencing analyses and traditional molecular assays demonstrated that this multimodal approach effectively disrupted cellular energy homeostasis, induced apoptosis, and regulated key metabolic pathways. In\u00a0vivo evaluations using various tumor models, including hepatocellular carcinoma transgenic mouse models, confirmed significantly enhanced antitumor efficacy, while subcutaneous tumor models showed a tumor inhibition rate exceeding 97%, far surpassing the effects of ART or ICA alone. Furthermore, flow cytometry analyses also confirmed that this strategy modulated the tumor microenvironment by enhancing the infiltration of cytotoxic CD8\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells and promoting dendritic cell maturation, while the incorporation of a CD47-targeting nanobody further strengthened immune activation and contributed to improved antitumor efficacy.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.34133\/bmr.0246","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T14:58:17Z","timestamp":1761317897000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark_01","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A Multimodal Energy-Depletion Strategy for Cooperative Tumor Metabolism Regulation in Enhanced Cancer Therapy"],"prefix":"10.34133","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Jingbo","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chinese Materia Medica, \rTianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Drug Research and Development, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Preparations, \rGuangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Major Liver Diseases, Hepatology Unit and Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, \rSouthern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanni","family":"Lou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Oncology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yunmeng","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Shenzhen Clinical Research Centre for Geriatrics, \rShenzhen People\u2019s Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen 518020, China."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yinkwan","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Shenzhen Clinical Research Centre for Geriatrics, \rShenzhen People\u2019s Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen 518020, China."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, \rSouthern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Longying","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Drug Research and Development, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Preparations, \rGuangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"YanWei","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, \rCapital Medical University, Beijing, China."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5445-7976","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zhijie","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Shenzhen Clinical Research Centre for Geriatrics, \rShenzhen People\u2019s Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen 518020, China."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chinese Materia Medica, \rTianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jigang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chinese Materia Medica, \rTianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China."},{"name":"Center for Drug Research and Development, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Preparations, \rGuangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China."},{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Shenzhen Clinical Research Centre for Geriatrics, \rShenzhen People\u2019s Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen 518020, China."},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, \rSouthern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China."},{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, \rChina Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"221","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","first-page":"10","article-title":"Cancer statistics, 2025","volume":"75","author":"Siegel RL","year":"2025","unstructured":"Siegel RL, Kratzer TB, Giaquinto AN, Sung H, Jemal A. 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Potentiating sorafenib efficacy against hepatocellular carcinoma via a carrier-free nanomedicine of artesunate prodrug. Smart Mater Med. 2024;5(1):114\u2013126.","journal-title":"Smart Mater Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2024.155709"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","article-title":"Mechanistic engineering of celastrol liposomes induces ferroptosis and apoptosis by directly targeting VDAC2 in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"18","author":"Luo P","year":"2023","unstructured":"Luo P, Zhang Q, Shen S, An Y, Yuan L, Wong Y-K, Huang S, Huang S, Huang J, Cheng G, et al. Mechanistic engineering of celastrol liposomes induces ferroptosis and apoptosis by directly targeting VDAC2 in hepatocellular carcinoma. 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