{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T02:33:04Z","timestamp":1775701984979,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","funder":[{"name":"Asan Institute for Life Sciences","award":["2024IF0020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024IF0020"]}]},{"name":"Guwon Scholar Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["spj.science.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biomater Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Soft-tissue sarcoma (STS) is a rare and heterogeneous group of cancers with more than 100 histological subtypes, which makes biological understanding and therapeutic development particularly challenging. Patient-derived tumor organoid models have transformed cancer research by providing patient-representative preclinical platforms, yet their application in STS has been limited because of low establishment efficiency. To address this problem, a gelatin-based culture protocol was developed to enhance critical cellular processes, including mitochondrial function and cell adhesion, which are essential for organoid self-organization. Using this optimized system, patient-derived tumor organoids were successfully established from representative STS subtypes, such as dedifferentiated liposarcoma and leiomyosarcoma. These organoids retained the histopathological architecture and molecular characteristics of the original tumors and reflected subtype-specific oncogenic pathways, mitochondrial dynamics, and lipid metabolic signatures. Our established gelatin-based organoid culture system enables efficient establishment of patient-derived organoids from representative STS subtypes, faithfully preserving their histopathological and molecular characteristics. These models recapitulate subtype-specific oncogenic pathways, mitochondrial dynamics, and lipid metabolic signatures, providing a robust and clinically relevant preclinical platform for investigating sarcoma biology and developing personalized therapeutic strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.34133\/bmr.0293","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T20:34:58Z","timestamp":1763411698000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark_01","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Gelatin-Based Soft-Tissue Sarcoma Organoids Recapitulate Patient Tumor Characteristics"],"prefix":"10.34133","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Kyuyoung","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, \rUniversity of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiwan","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Medical Center, \rUniversity of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chae-eun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Science, Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology, Asan Medical Center, \rUniversity of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seoon","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Medical Center, \rUniversity of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hye-in","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, \rUniversity of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chan-Gi","family":"Pack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Science, Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology, Asan Medical Center, \rUniversity of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea."},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, \rUniversity of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jin-Hee","family":"Ahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, \rUniversity of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hyunwook","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Kidney and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, \rUniversity of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chan Wook","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, \rAsan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joon Seon","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, \rAsan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tae Won","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, \rUniversity of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea."},{"name":"Asan Preclinical Evaluation Center for Cancer TherapeutiX, \rAsan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eunyoung","family":"Tak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Medical Center, \rUniversity of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9766-1531","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jeong Eun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, \rUniversity of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"221","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-30496-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","article-title":"Generation of patient-derived sarcoma organoids for personalized drug screening and precision cancer immunotherapy","author":"Ma H","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ma H, Li X, Li J, Bu J, Li X, Zhang J, Yu S, Nie G, Wang H, Feng H. Generation of patient-derived sarcoma organoids for personalized drug screening and precision cancer immunotherapy. Biomaterials. 2025; Article 123546.","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43586-022-00174-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41698-021-00168-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2023.122323"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.893592"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/polym17152109"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2011.04.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-024-03851-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Antoine EE Lim J Ayoub AB Brandenberg N Psaltis D. Optical diffraction tomography (ODT) for label-free imaging of large 3D biological samples. In: Digital holography and three-dimensional imaging. Washington (DC): Optica Publishing Group; 2020.","DOI":"10.1364\/DH.2020.HF1G.2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.34133\/2021\/9893804"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-022-00815-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xpro.2025.103849"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/curroncol29090504"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-35657-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-024-01312-0"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","first-page":"1128","article-title":"A process engineering approach to increase organoid yield","volume":"144","author":"Arora N","year":"2017","unstructured":"Arora N, Imran Alsous J, Guggenheim JW, Mak M, Munera J, Wells JM, Kamm RD, Asada HH, Shvartsman SY, Griffith LG. A process engineering approach to increase organoid yield. Development. 2017;144(6):1128\u20131136.","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cels.2015.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/28.1.27"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt0308-303"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.654684"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8090991"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI67087"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-009-0481-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-0139-03"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2009.00782.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wajant H. The role of TNF in cancer. In: Kalthoff H editor. Death receptors and cognate ligands in cancer. Berlin (Germany): Springer; 2009. p. 1\u201315.","DOI":"10.1007\/400_2008_26"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01705-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15143549"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-021-02396-8"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","first-page":"C569","article-title":"Hypoxia: A key player in antitumor immune response. A review in the theme: Cellular responses to hypoxia","volume":"309","author":"Noman MZ","year":"2015","unstructured":"Noman MZ, Hasmim M, Messai Y, Terry S, Kieda C, Janji B, Chouaib S. Hypoxia: A key player in antitumor immune response. A review in the theme: Cellular responses to hypoxia. Am J Phys Cell Phys. 2015;309(9):C569\u2013C579.","journal-title":"Am J Phys Cell Phys"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-021-00828-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.74902"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","first-page":"4112","article-title":"Lipid droplet and its implication in cancer progression","volume":"10","author":"Li Z","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li Z, Liu H, Luo X. Lipid droplet and its implication in cancer progression. Am J Cancer Res. 2020;10(12):4112.","journal-title":"Am J Cancer Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petan T. Lipid droplets in cancer. In: Pedersen SHF Barber DL editors. Organelles in disease. Cham (Switzerland): Springer; 2020. p. 53\u201386.","DOI":"10.1007\/112_2020_51"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceb.2024.102342"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.2771"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.2010.185"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_4_40_2","first-page":"466","article-title":"Increased expression of electron transport chain genes in uterine leiomyoma","volume":"44","author":"Tuncal A","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tuncal A, Aydin HH, Askar N, Ozkaya AB, Ergenoglu AM, Yeniel AO, Akdemir A, Ak H. Increased expression of electron transport chain genes in uterine leiomyoma. Ann Clin Lab Sci. 2014;44(4):466\u2013468.","journal-title":"Ann Clin Lab Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2019.10.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-019-0305-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abl3674"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19020615"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-024-01556-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep36815"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-14374-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-025-02505-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aas8998"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1061388"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2021.12.002"}],"container-title":["Biomaterials Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/spj.science.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.34133\/bmr.0293","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T08:01:05Z","timestamp":1765267265000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/spj.science.org\/doi\/10.34133\/bmr.0293"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"references-count":50,"alternative-id":["10.34133\/bmr.0293"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/bmr.0293","relation":{},"ISSN":["2055-7124"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2055-7124","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-09-07","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-11-10","order":1,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-11-15","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-12-09","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"0293"}}