{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T13:51:26Z","timestamp":1790257886880,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01CA282664"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01CA282664"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01CA278956"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01CA278956"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01CA279040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01CA279040"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["spj.science.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biomater Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Bacterial cancer therapy using\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Clostridium novyi-<\/jats:italic>\n                    nontoxic (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. novyi-<\/jats:italic>\n                    NT) has emerged as a promising strategy to selectively eradicate hypoxic and necrotic tumor regions. However, noninvasive visualization of injected spores and germinated bacteria remains a major barrier to clinical translation. Here, we developed metabolically responsive gadolinium-labeled\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. novyi-<\/jats:italic>\n                    NT (Gd-\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. novyi-<\/jats:italic>\n                    NT) to enable magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based tracking of spore localization and bacterial germination. Gd ions were electrostatically condensed onto the negatively charged spore surface, forming Gd clusters that produced strong T2-weighted contrast without affecting spore viability or germination efficiency. Under anaerobic conditions, these Gd aggregates were progressively diluted and redistributed along the bacterial cell wall through metal-chelating metabolites, converting the MRI signal from T2-dominant to T1-weighted contrast. In an orthotopic liver tumor model, intra-arterial infusion of Gd-spores led to selective intratumoral accumulation, with early T2 contrast followed by sustained T1 enhancement persisting for up to 9 days post-administration. This metabolically driven T2-to-T1 contrast transition provides a dynamic, noninvasive imaging signature that correlates with bacterial germination and proliferation. The Gd-\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. novyi-<\/jats:italic>\n                    NT platform therefore offers a powerful tool for real-time monitoring of bacterial therapeutic behavior in\u00a0vivo, advancing precision imaging and therapeutic control of bacterial-based oncologic therapies.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.34133\/bmr.0326","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T19:42:47Z","timestamp":1769110967000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark_01","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Metabolic Gadolinium Labeling of\n                    <i>Clostridium novyi<\/i>\n                    -Nontoxic for Magnetic Resonance Imaging Visualization of Spores and Germinated Bacteria"],"prefix":"10.34133","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5850-985X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyunjun","family":"Choi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, \rNorthwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8750-3983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun-Hyeok","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, \rNorthwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0069-3831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanghee","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, \rNorthwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6815-3319","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dong-Hyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, \rNorthwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA."},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, \rMcCormick School of Engineering, Evanston, IL 60208, USA."},{"name":"Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, \rUniversity of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21834"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-020-00530-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/3537471"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.01.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","first-page":"39","volume-title":"Seminars in cancer biology","author":"Staedtke V","year":"2024","unstructured":"Staedtke V, Sun N, Bai R. Hypoxia-targeting bacteria in cancer therapy. In: Seminars in cancer biology. Elsevier; 2024. Vol. 100, p. 39\u201348."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1349-7006.2010.01628.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.9071"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-019-0297-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2024.1526612"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-39224-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1040841X.2024.2311653"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202405304"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gendis.2016.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3008982"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2024.150820"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvir.2018.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201901812"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2024.122902"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-7915.14474"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-anchem-061622-034229"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-022-01581-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7007-11-63"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202415209"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2023.04.025"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.789016"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202416966"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202306480"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D3BM00635B"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41378-024-00743-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18383\/j.tom.2020.00043"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2020.12371"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201602722"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bm9010479"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.6b08369"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.rli.0000184756.66360.d3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cmmi.1565"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrnm.2012.12.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-012-2597-9"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_3_4_40_2","article-title":"Gadolinium-based contrast agents: Updates and answers to typical questions regarding gadolinium use","volume":"49","author":"Cheong BY","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cheong BY, Wilson JM, Preventza OA, Muthupillai R. Gadolinium-based contrast agents: Updates and answers to typical questions regarding gadolinium use. Tex Heart Inst J. 2022;49(9): Article e217680.","journal-title":"Tex Heart Inst J"}],"container-title":["Biomaterials Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/spj.science.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.34133\/bmr.0326","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T08:03:29Z","timestamp":1770710609000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/spj.science.org\/doi\/10.34133\/bmr.0326"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":39,"alternative-id":["10.34133\/bmr.0326"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/bmr.0326","relation":{},"ISSN":["2055-7124"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2055-7124","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-11-19","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-01-09","order":1,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-01-17","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-02-10","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"0326"}}