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NPs are used in vaccine development to enhance antigen delivery, provide protection, and serve as adjuvants. The application of nanotechnology has substantially improved the delivery and effectiveness of vaccines by manipulating NP properties. Studies on NP-based immunizations have focused on viral pathogens and bacterial agents. Immunizations utilizing NPs enhance immune responses and stabilize viral antigens, facilitating the development of vaccines for hepatitis B, influenza, and HIV. Nanovaccines specifically target antigens associated with viruses, bacteria, and certain cancers. NP-based vaccines effectively stimulate and mature dendritic cells (DCs) in\u00a0vitro and in\u00a0vivo. Following vaccination, the NP-based vaccine resulted in increased cytokine levels and activated Th1 and Th2 cells in\u00a0vivo. As a result, NP-based vaccines stimulate T-cell immune responses and adaptive immunity driven by immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin M. This review has discussed the various NPs and antigens used in nanovaccine preparation; the role NPs play in activating adaptive immunity; and, specifically, the maturation of DCs; the activation of Th1 and Th2 cells against viruses, bacteria, and other microbial pathogens; and the safety of NPs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.34133\/bmr.0385","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T17:02:41Z","timestamp":1780678961000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark_01","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Nanoparticle-Based Antigen Delivery: Advancing Immunization Strategies against Infectious Pathogens"],"prefix":"10.34133","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Surajit","family":"Patra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanobioscience Group, \rAgharkar Research Institute, Pune 411004, India."},{"name":"Savitribai Phule Pune University","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nida Irfan","family":"Pathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanobioscience Group, \rAgharkar Research Institute, Pune 411004, India."},{"name":"Savitribai Phule Pune University","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yogesh A.","family":"Karpe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanobioscience Group, \rAgharkar Research Institute, Pune 411004, India."},{"name":"Savitribai Phule Pune University","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8840-1006","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Virendra","family":"Gajbhiye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanobioscience Group, \rAgharkar Research Institute, Pune 411004, India."},{"name":"Savitribai Phule Pune University","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.24.3.611"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2011.04.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","unstructured":"FDA. 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