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Dysfunction within any of these organs can lead to serious pathological conditions, including infertility, pregnancy complications, and gynecological cancers. Although conventional 2-dimensional (2D) cultures and animal models have provided foundational insights, they are limited in their ability to recapitulate human-specific 3D tissue architecture and dynamic biochemical microenvironments. To address these limitations, organoid and organ-on-a-chip (OoC) technologies have emerged as a powerful 3D biomimetic platform. Organoids preserve epithelial identity, cellular heterogeneity, and patient-specific phenotypes, whereas OoC systems incorporate microfluidic flow, mechanical stimulation, and multicompartmental interfaces to model organ-level physiology. 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