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Similarly, human\u2013robot interaction may benefit from integration with human\u2013human interaction factors. In this paper, we aim to investigate brain-to-brain coupling during motor imagery (MI)-based brain\u2013computer interface (BCI) training using eye-contact and hand-touch interaction. Twelve pairs of friends (experimental group) and 10 pairs of strangers (control group) were recruited for MI-based BCI tests concurrent with electroencephalography (EEG) hyperscanning. Event-related desynchronization (ERD) was estimated to measure cortical activation, and interbrain functional connectivity was assessed using multilevel statistical analysis. Furthermore, we compared BCI classification performance under different social interaction conditions. In the experimental group, greater ERD was found around the contralateral sensorimotor cortex under social interaction conditions compared with MI without any social interaction. Notably, EEG channels with decreased power were mainly distributed around the frontal, central, and occipital regions. A significant increase in interbrain coupling was also found under social interaction conditions. BCI decoding accuracies were significantly improved in the eye contact condition and eye and hand contact condition compared with the no-interaction condition. However, for the strangers\u2019 group, no positive effects were observed in comparisons of cortical activations between interaction and no-interaction conditions. These findings indicate that social interaction can improve the neural synchronization between familiar partners with enhanced brain activations and brain-to-brain coupling. This study may provide a novel method for enhancing MI-based BCI performance in conjunction with neural synchronization between users.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.34133\/cbsystems.0116","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,27]],"date-time":"2024-03-27T12:14:35Z","timestamp":1711541675000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark_01","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Enhancing Brain\u2013Computer Interface Performance by Incorporating Brain-to-Brain Coupling"],"prefix":"10.34133","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6645-509X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tianyu","family":"Jia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lab of Intelligent and Biomimetic Machinery, Department of Mechanical Engineering, \rTsinghua University, Beijing, China."},{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, \rImperial College London, London, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6364-7766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jingyao","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lab of Intelligent and Biomimetic Machinery, Department of Mechanical Engineering, \rTsinghua University, Beijing, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9993-3649","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ciar\u00e1n","family":"McGeady","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, \rImperial College London, London, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4533-4285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linhong","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lab of Intelligent and Biomimetic Machinery, Department of Mechanical Engineering, \rTsinghua University, Beijing, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4340-7436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lab of Intelligent and Biomimetic Machinery, Department of Mechanical Engineering, \rTsinghua University, Beijing, China."},{"name":"School of Clinical Medicine, \rTsinghua University, Beijing, China."},{"name":"Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, \rTsinghua University, Beijing, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-28725-7","article-title":"Principles of human movement augmentation and the challenges in making it a reality","volume":"13","author":"Eden J","year":"2022","unstructured":"Eden J, Br\u00e4cklein M, Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez J, Barsakcioglu DY, di Pino G, Farina D, Burdet E, Mehring C. 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