{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T16:46:29Z","timestamp":1789145189290,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013142","name":"Key Research and Development Project of Hainan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZDYF2022SHFZ302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZDYF2022SHFZ302"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013142","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013142","name":"Key Research and Development Project of Hainan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZDYF2022SHFZ275"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZDYF2022SHFZ275"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013142","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013072","name":"Major Science and Technology Projects of Hainan Province","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["ZDKJ2021032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZDKJ2021032"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013072","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Hainan Province Clinical Medical Center","award":["0202067"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0202067"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["spj.science.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cyborg Bionic Syst"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The concept of gait synergy provides novel human\u2013machine interfaces and has been applied to the control of lower limb assistive devices, such as powered prostheses and exoskeletons. Specifically, on the basis of gait synergy, the assistive device can generate\/predict the appropriate reference trajectories precisely for the affected or missing parts from the motions of sound parts of the patients. Optimal modeling for gait synergy methods that involves optimal combinations of features (inputs) is required to achieve synergic trajectories that improve human\u2013machine interaction. However, previous studies lack thorough discussions on the optimal methods for synergy modeling. In addition, feature selection (FS) that is crucial for reducing data dimensionality and improving modeling quality has often been neglected in previous studies. Here, we comprehensively investigated modeling methods and FS using 4 up-to-date neural networks: sequence-to-sequence (Seq2Seq), long short-term memory (LSTM), recurrent neural network (RNN), and gated recurrent unit (GRU). We also conducted complete FS using 3 commonly used methods: random forest, information gain, and Pearson correlation. Our findings reveal that Seq2Seq (mean absolute error: 0.404\u00b0 and 0.596\u00b0, respectively) outperforms LSTM, RNN, and GRU for both interlimb and intralimb synergy modeling. Furthermore, FS is proven to significantly improve Seq2Seq\u2019s modeling performance (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.05). FS-Seq2Seq even outperforms methods used in existing studies. Therefore, we propose FS-Seq2Seq as a 2-stage strategy for gait synergy modeling in lower limb assistive devices with the aim of achieving synergic and user-adaptive trajectories that improve human\u2013machine interactions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.34133\/cbsystems.0122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]],"date-time":"2024-04-12T07:11:29Z","timestamp":1712905889000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark_01","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Interlimb and Intralimb Synergy Modeling for Lower Limb Assistive Devices: Modeling Methods and Feature Selection"],"prefix":"10.34133","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1491-8221","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Fengyan","family":"Liang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, \rSchool of Biomedical Engineering, Hainan University, Sanya, China."},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Hainan Province, \rOne Health Institute, Hainan University, Sanya, China."},{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Haikou Hospital of Xiangya Medical College, \rCentral South University, Haikou, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lifen","family":"Mo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, \rSchool of Biomedical Engineering, Hainan University, Sanya, China."},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Hainan Province, \rOne Health Institute, Hainan University, Sanya, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiou","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, \rSchool of Biomedical Engineering, Hainan University, Sanya, China."},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Hainan Province, \rOne Health Institute, Hainan University, Sanya, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, \rSchool of Biomedical Engineering, Hainan University, Sanya, China."},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Hainan Province, \rOne Health Institute, Hainan University, Sanya, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, \rChinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei-Hsin","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, \rThe Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junyi","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Modern Design and Rotor-Bearing System, School of Mechanical Engineering,\rXi\u2019an Jiaotong University,Xi\u2019an, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Binbin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Haikou Hospital of Xiangya Medical College, \rCentral South University, Haikou, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenhua","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Haikou Hospital of Xiangya Medical College, \rCentral South University, Haikou, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, \rSchool of Biomedical Engineering, Hainan University, Sanya, China."},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Hainan Province, \rOne Health Institute, Hainan University, Sanya, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, \rSchool of Biomedical Engineering, Hainan University, Sanya, China."},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Hainan Province, \rOne Health Institute, Hainan University, Sanya, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.06.015","article-title":"Synergy-based knee angle estimation using kinematics of thigh","volume":"89","author":"Liang FY","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liang FY, Gao F, Liao WH. 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