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A comprehensive study of the regional heterogeneities in meninges can improve predictions of extra-axial hemorrhage and enhance bio-fidelity of finite element (FE) modeling of head trauma under multiple injury scenarios and pathological conditions. Here, we characterized the mechanical properties of porcine leptomeninges by performing rheological shear modeling and atomic force microscopy indentation experiments. Anatomical areas encompassed the piriform, occipital, frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes, along with the cerebellum lobe. Both macromechanical and micromechanical properties indicate that the modulus of the cerebellar lobe region is much higher than that of other lobes of the pia mater. Meanwhile, the regions of the leptomeninges also displayed local mechanical anisotropy. Regional variations in the mechanical properties were further characterized by analyzing the spatial distribution in protein compositions (collagen and elastin) through 2-photon microscopy and RNA sequencing. The cerebellum lobe was found to exhibit markedly elevated levels of collagen, elastin, and cell junction proteins. Additionally, the cerebellum lobe was also identified to have markedly greater thickness compared to other lobes. Taken together, the results revealed the intricate biomechanical architecture of the leptomeninges and underscore the need to analyze its heterogeneities when modeling FE models or other computational models during traumatic brain injury.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.34133\/cbsystems.0462","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T23:01:08Z","timestamp":1762124468000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark_01","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Regional Variations in Mechanical Properties of Porcine Leptomeninges"],"prefix":"10.34133","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Chenyi","family":"Lei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen International Graduate School, \rTsinghua University, Shenzhen 518071, China."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenyuan","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen International Graduate School, \rTsinghua University, Shenzhen 518071, China."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xi","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen International Graduate School, \rTsinghua University, Shenzhen 518071, China."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lulu","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen International Graduate School, \rTsinghua University, Shenzhen 518071, China."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Tuzikov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research-Engineering Center of Informational Technologies, \rNational Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 220072 Minsk, Belarus."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ravshan","family":"Sabirov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biophysics and Biochemistry, \rNational University of Uzbekistan, Tashkent 100174, Uzbekistan."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Semih","family":"Calamak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, \rHacettepe University, 06100 Ankara, Turkey."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H. Atakan","family":"Varol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Smart Systems and Artificial Intelligence, \rNazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naila","family":"Sajjad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology (UIBB), \rPMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi 46300, Pakistan."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ijaz","family":"Gul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen International Graduate School, \rTsinghua University, Shenzhen 518071, China."},{"name":"Department of General Surgery, Hebei Key Laboratory of Colorectal Cancer Precision Diagnosis and Treatment, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050031, China."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7829-8973","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Peiwu","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen International Graduate School, \rTsinghua University, Shenzhen 518071, China."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"221","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-012-1910-x","article-title":"The intracranial arachnoid mater","volume":"29","author":"Adeeb N","year":"2012","unstructured":"Adeeb N, Deep A, Griessenauer CJ, Mortazavi MM, Watanabe K, Loukas M, Tubbs RS, Cohen-Gadol AA. 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