{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T08:09:44Z","timestamp":1789027784831,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","funder":[{"name":"Noncommunicable Chronic Diseases-National Science and Technology Major Project","award":["2023ZD0508200 2023ZD0508205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023ZD0508200 2023ZD0508205"]}]},{"name":"Peking University People\u2019s Hospital Scientific Research Development Funds","award":["RDL2023-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RDL2023-02"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["spj.science.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Data Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold>\n                    To facilitate appropriate medical stratification in clinical settings, this research leveraged externally validated machine-learning models to screen for microvascular complications specifically in the type 1 diabetes (T1D) population.\n                    <jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold>\n                    By utilizing a cohort of 433 individuals with T1D from Peking University People\u2019s Hospital, we implemented eXtreme Gradient Boosting-based modeling combined with internal cross-validation to identify 3 microvascular complications: diabetic retinopathy (DR), diabetic nephropathy (DN), and diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). The models were subsequently subjected to 2 external validations, utilizing datasets from patients with T1D hospitalized at Tangshan Gongren Hospital and Xingtai People\u2019s Hospital in Hebei Province (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 126, named as external validation 1), as well as from the Chinese T1D Comprehensive Care Pathway program (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 929, named as external validation 2). To evaluate the discriminative power of the developed models, we employed the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) as the primary evaluation metric.\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    The development set (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 433), with a median age of 52.0 years and 52.7% female, exhibited prevalence rates of 24.2% for DR, 13.6% for DN, and 45.3% for DPN. During internal validation, the models achieved AUROCs of 0.773 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.704 to 0.841) for DR, 0.803 (95% CI, 0.745 to 0.862) for DN, and 0.741 (95% CI, 0.730 to 0.753) for DPN. In external validation 1 (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 126), the AUROCs were 0.850 (95% CI, 0.761 to 0.924) for DR, 0.727 (95% CI, 0.617 to 0.829) for DN, and 0.815 (95% CI, 0.732 to 0.886) for DPN. In external validation 2 (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 663), the AUROCs were 0.822 (95% CI, 0.760 to 0.877) for DR, 0.832 (95% CI, 0.758 to 0.898) for DN, and 0.826 (95% CI, 0.783 to 0.866) for DPN.\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Exhibiting robust identification performance in both internal and independent external populations, these models hold potential as clinical tools for detecting microvascular complications in patients with T1D.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.34133\/hds.0298","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T08:19:21Z","timestamp":1778141961000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark_01","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["An Algorithm for Identifying Microvascular Complications in Type 1 Diabetes in the Clinical Setting: Development and External Validation"],"prefix":"10.34133","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1070-9676","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaodan","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, \rPeking University People's Hospital, No.11, Xizhimen South Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100044, China."},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug and Device Translation in Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Beijing, 100044, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, \rPeking University People's Hospital, No.11, Xizhimen South Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100044, China."},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug and Device Translation in Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Beijing, 100044, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yayu","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, \rPeking University People's Hospital, No.11, Xizhimen South Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100044, China."},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug and Device Translation in Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Beijing, 100044, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, \rPeking University People's Hospital, No.11, Xizhimen South Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100044, China."},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug and Device Translation in Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Beijing, 100044, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingxia","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, \rPeking University People's Hospital, No.11, Xizhimen South Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100044, China."},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug and Device Translation in Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Beijing, 100044, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siqian","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, \rPeking University People's Hospital, No.11, Xizhimen South Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100044, China."},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug and Device Translation in Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Beijing, 100044, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangqing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, \rPeking University People's Hospital, No.11, Xizhimen South Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100044, China."},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug and Device Translation in Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Beijing, 100044, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chu","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, \rPeking University People's Hospital, No.11, Xizhimen South Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100044, China."},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug and Device Translation in Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Beijing, 100044, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geling","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, \rTangshan Gongren Hospital, No.27, Wenhua Road, Tangshan, Hebei 063000, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaolin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, \rTangshan Gongren Hospital, No.27, Wenhua Road, Tangshan, Hebei 063000, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaran","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, \rXingtai People\u2019s Hospital, Xingtai, Hebei 054000, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, \rXingtai People\u2019s Hospital, Xingtai, Hebei 054000, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, \rPeking University People's Hospital, No.11, Xizhimen South Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100044, China."},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug and Device Translation in Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Beijing, 100044, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sai","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, \rPeking University People's Hospital, No.11, Xizhimen South Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100044, China."},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug and Device Translation in Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Beijing, 100044, 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