{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T16:52:27Z","timestamp":1790268747212,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The composition of commensal bacteria plays a critical role in controlling immune responses in the intestine. Studies have shown that specific bacterial strains may have the capacity to enhance host immune defense against gastrointestinal viral infections. While norovirus is known to be the most common cause of gastroenteritis, leading to an estimated 200,000 deaths every year, identification of bacterial strains with protective effects against norovirus infection remains elusive. Here, we discovered\n                    <jats:italic>Lactobacillus salivarius<\/jats:italic>\n                    HHuMin-U (HHuMin-U) as a potent antiviral strain against norovirus infection. HHuMin-U significantly suppressed murine norovirus replication and lowered viral RNA titers in macrophages. The transcriptome sequencing (RNA sequencing) analysis revealed that HHuMin-U markedly enhanced the expression level of antiviral interferon-stimulated genes compared to mock treatment. HHuMin-U treatment dose-dependently induced type I interferons (IFN-\u03b1 and IFN-\u03b2) and tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 production in mouse and human macrophages, promoting antiviral innate responses against norovirus infection. Investigation on the molecular mechanism demonstrated that HHuMin-U can activate nuclear factor \u03baB and TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1)\u2013interferon regulatory factor 3 signaling pathways, leading to the phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 and signal transducer and activator of transcription 2, the key mediators of interferon-stimulated genes. Finally, oral administration of HHuMin-U increased IFN-\u03b2 levels in the ileum of mice and altered the gut microbiome profile. These results suggest the species\/strain-specific importance of gut microbial composition for antiviral immune responses and the potential use of HHuMin-U as a probiotic agent.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.34133\/research.0007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,20]],"date-time":"2022-12-20T02:56:01Z","timestamp":1671504961000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["<i>Lactobacillus salivarius<\/i>\n                    HHuMin-U Activates Innate Immune Defense against Norovirus Infection through TBK1-IRF3 and NF-\u03baB Signaling Pathways"],"prefix":"10.34133","volume":"2022","author":[{"given":"Da Hyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minju","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae Hwan","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joe Eun","family":"Son","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John J. Y.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sang-jun","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center, BIFIDO Co. Ltd., Hanam 12930, Republic of Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juyeon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center, BIFIDO Co. Ltd., Hanam 12930, Republic of Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minwoo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jong-Won","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myeong Soo","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center, BIFIDO Co. 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