{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T17:52:12Z","timestamp":1791913932891,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","content-domain":{"domain":["spj.science.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Despite substantial progress in the treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), including radiation therapy and immunotherapy alone or in combination, the response to treatment remains poor due to the hypoxic and immunosuppressive nature of the tumor microenvironment. Herein, we exploited the bioreactivity of novel polymer\u2013lipid manganese dioxide nanoparticles (PLMDs) to remodel the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) by increasing the local oxygen levels and extracellular pH and enhancing radiation-induced immunogenic cell death. This study demonstrated that PLMD treatment sensitized hypoxic human and murine CRPC cells to radiation, significantly increasing radiation-induced DNA double-strand breaks and ultimately cell death, which enhanced the secretion of damage-associated molecular patterns, attributable to the induction of autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Reoxygenation via PLMDs also polarized hypoxic murine RAW264.7 macrophages toward the M1 phenotype, enhancing tumor necrosis factor alpha release, and thus reducing the viability of murine CRPC TRAMP-C2 cells. In a syngeneic TRAMP-C2 tumor model, intravenous injection of PLMDs suppressed, while radiation alone enhanced recruitment of regulatory T cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Pretreatment with PLMDs followed by radiation down-regulated programmed death-ligand 1 and promoted the infiltration of antitumor CD8\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells and M1 macrophages to tumor sites. Taken together, TIME modulation by PLMDs plus radiation profoundly delayed tumor growth and prolonged median survival compared with radiation alone. These results suggest that PLMDs plus radiation is a promising treatment modality for improving therapeutic efficacy in radioresistant and immunosuppressive solid tumors.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.34133\/research.0247","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,19]],"date-time":"2023-09-19T04:32:59Z","timestamp":1695097979000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark_01","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Remodeling Tumor Immune Microenvironment by Using Polymer-Lipid-Manganese Dioxide Nanoparticles with Radiation Therapy to Boost Immune Response of Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer"],"prefix":"10.34133","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Abdulmottaleb E.","family":"Zetrini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery Laboratory, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, \rUniversity of Toronto, M5S 3M2, Toronto, ON, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"HoYin","family":"Lip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery Laboratory, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, \rUniversity of Toronto, M5S 3M2, Toronto, ON, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Azhar Z.","family":"Abbasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery Laboratory, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, \rUniversity of Toronto, M5S 3M2, Toronto, ON, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ibrahim","family":"Alradwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery Laboratory, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, \rUniversity of Toronto, M5S 3M2, Toronto, ON, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taksim","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery Laboratory, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, \rUniversity of Toronto, M5S 3M2, Toronto, ON, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunsheng","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery Laboratory, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, \rUniversity of Toronto, M5S 3M2, Toronto, ON, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey T.","family":"Henderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery Laboratory, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, \rUniversity of Toronto, M5S 3M2, Toronto, ON, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew M.","family":"Rauth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Medical Biophysics and Radiation Oncology, \rUniversity of Toronto, M5G 1L7, Toronto, ON, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5333-8115","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xiao Yu","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery Laboratory, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, \rUniversity of Toronto, M5S 3M2, Toronto, ON, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"issue":"10260","key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31952-8","article-title":"Adjuvant or early salvage radiotherapy for the treatment of localised and locally advanced prostate cancer: A prospectively planned systematic review and meta-analysis of aggregate data","volume":"396","author":"Vale CL","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vale CL, Fisher D, Kneebone A, Parker C, Pearse M, Richaud P,Sargos P, Sydes MR, Brawley C, Brihoum M, et al. 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