{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T15:19:48Z","timestamp":1791991188484,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22425105, 22221001, 22271124, 22471103, U22A20107 and 22201111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22425105, 22221001, 22271124, 22471103, U22A20107 and 22201111"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["spj.science.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            The protonation process of adsorbed *CO intermediates has been widely recognized as a critical determinant governing product selectivity in electrocatalytic carbon dioxide reduction reaction (eCO\n            <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n            RR). However, the active hydrogen species and mechanism of *CO protonation in acid eCO\n            <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n            RR remain ambiguous. Particularly, the involvement of H\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            in *CO hydrogenation is still under debate. Here, we developed a CuCl-mediated synthesis strategy integrated with rare-earth doping electronic structure engineering, which enriches intermediates and promotes adsorbed hydrogen (*H) participation in reactions, respectively. For the first time, differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) were employed to clarify the participation of hydrogen species in liquid and gaseous eCO\n            <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n            RR products, with isotope labeling utilized to distinguish the distribution of H\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            and *H in the products. Experimental verification confirmed that in acidic electrolytes, the ethylene pathway was dominated by H\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            hydrogenation, whereas the ethanol pathway incorporated contributions from both H\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            and *H. Upon yttrium (Y) doping into Cu\n            <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n            O\/CuCl, interfacial water activation was markedly enhanced, thereby enabling the provision of supplementary *H for catalytic engagement. Notably, our Y-Cu\n            <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n            O\/CuCl catalyst achieves a remarkable 65.7% Faradaic efficiency for ethanol with exceptional 65-h stability at 200 mA cm\n            <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n            . This work provides new evidence for H\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            participation in acid eCO\n            <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n            RR, emphasizing the critical role of H\n            <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n            O activation degree in selectivity regulation, and thus offering novel insights for designing efficient acid eCO\n            <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n            RR catalysts.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.34133\/research.0796","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]],"date-time":"2025-07-03T03:22:03Z","timestamp":1751512923000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark_01","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Confinement Effect and Hydrogen Species Modulation toward Enhanced Electrochemical CO\n            <sub>2<\/sub>\n            Reduction to Ethanol"],"prefix":"10.34133","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Yuting","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for Rare Isotopes, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, \rLanzhou University, Lanzhou, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiamin","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for Rare Isotopes, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, \rLanzhou University, Lanzhou, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huizhi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for Rare Isotopes, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, \rLanzhou University, Lanzhou, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuhui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for Rare Isotopes, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, \rLanzhou University, Lanzhou, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Zhai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for Rare Isotopes, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, \rLanzhou University, Lanzhou, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shao-Wen","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for Rare Isotopes, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, \rLanzhou University, Lanzhou, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shanshan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for Rare Isotopes, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, \rLanzhou University, Lanzhou, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for Rare Isotopes, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, \rLanzhou University, Lanzhou, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yafu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Energy Material and Chemistry; Inner Mongolia Advanced Research Institute; Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Catalysis; Inner Mongolia University Hohhot 010021","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Energy Material and Chemistry; Inner Mongolia Advanced Research Institute; Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Catalysis; Inner Mongolia University Hohhot 010021","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for Rare Isotopes, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, \rLanzhou University, Lanzhou, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1221-3033","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jiangwei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Energy Material and Chemistry; Inner Mongolia Advanced Research Institute; Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Catalysis; Inner Mongolia University Hohhot 010021","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pinxian","family":"Xi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for Rare Isotopes, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, \rLanzhou University, Lanzhou, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun-Hua","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for Rare Isotopes, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, \rLanzhou University, Lanzhou, China."},{"name":"Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, PKU-HKU Joint Laboratory in Rare Earth Materials and Bioinorganic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, \rPeking University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abg6582"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05540-0"},{"issue":"14","key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.ado5000","article-title":"Tuning catalyst-support interactions enable steering of electrochemical CO2 reduction pathways","volume":"11","author":"Wang M","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang M, Li Y, Jia J, Ghosh T, Luo P, Shen Y-J, Wang S, Zhang J, Xi S, Mi Z, et al. Tuning catalyst-support interactions enable steering of electrochemical CO2 reduction pathways. Sci Adv. 2025;11(14): Article edao5000.","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2214175120","article-title":"Asymmetrical electrohydrogenation of CO2 to ethanol with copper\u2013gold heterojunctions","volume":"120","author":"Kuang S","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kuang S, Su Y, Li M, Liu H, Chuai H, Chen X, Hensen EJM, Meyer TJ, Zhang S, Ma X. Asymmetrical electrohydrogenation of CO2 to ethanol with copper\u2013gold heterojunctions. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2023;120(4): Article e2214175120.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7691","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-51928-z","article-title":"Multivalent Cu sites synergistically adjust carbonaceous intermediates adsorption for electrocatalytic ethanol production","volume":"15","author":"Chen X","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen X, Jia S, Zhai J, Jiao J, Dong M, Xue C, Deng T, Cheng H, Xia Z, Chen C, et al. Multivalent Cu sites synergistically adjust carbonaceous intermediates adsorption for electrocatalytic ethanol production. Nat Commun. 2024;15(1):7691.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41560-019-0450-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D4EE05715E"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-36261-1","article-title":"A hydrophobic Cu\/Cu2O sheet catalyst for selective electroreduction of CO to ethanol","volume":"14","author":"Ma G","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ma G, Syzgantseva OA, Huang Y, Stoian D, Zhang J, Yang S, Luo W, Jiang M, Li S, Chen C, et al. A hydrophobic Cu\/Cu2O sheet catalyst for selective electroreduction of CO to ethanol. Nat Commun. 2023;14(1):501.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","article-title":"Electrocatalytic CO2 hydrogenation to C2+ alcohols catalysed by Pr\u2013Cu oxide heterointerfaces","author":"Liu J","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liu J, Li P, Jia S, Wang Y, Jing L, Liu Z, Zhang J, Qian Q, Kang X, Sun X, et al. Electrocatalytic CO2 hydrogenation to C2+ alcohols catalysed by Pr\u2013Cu oxide heterointerfaces. Nat Synth. 2025.","journal-title":"Nat Synth"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41557-024-01721-8"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3575","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-39351-2","article-title":"Tunable CO2 electroreduction to ethanol and ethylene with controllable interfacial wettability","volume":"14","author":"Lin Y","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lin Y, Wang T, Zhang L, Zhang G, Li L, Chang Q, Pang Z, Gao H, Huang K, Zhang P, et al. Tunable CO2 electroreduction to ethanol and ethylene with controllable interfacial wettability. Nat Commun. 2023;14(1):3575.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4615","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-40412-9","article-title":"Modulating adsorbed hydrogen drives electrochemical CO2-to-C2 products","volume":"14","author":"Feng J","year":"2023","unstructured":"Feng J, Zhang L, Liu S, Xu L, Ma X, Tan X, Wu L, Qian Q, Wu T, Zhang J, et al. Modulating adsorbed hydrogen drives electrochemical CO2-to-C2 products. Nat Commun. 2023;14(1):4615.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202017070"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41560-020-0594-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pr11041148"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2303118","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.202303118","article-title":"Long-range confinement-driven enrichment of surface oxygen-relevant species promotes C\u2212C electrocoupling in CO2 reduction","volume":"14","author":"Pan F","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pan F, Duan X, Fang L, Li H, Xu Z, Wang Y, Wang T, Li T, Duan Z, Chen K-J. Long-range confinement-driven enrichment of surface oxygen-relevant species promotes C\u2212C electrocoupling in CO2 reduction. Adv Energy Mater. 2024;14(7):2303118.","journal-title":"Adv Energy Mater"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2302556","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.202302556","article-title":"Multi-shell copper catalysts for selective electroreduction of CO2 to multicarbon chemicals","volume":"14","author":"Xiao Y","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xiao Y, Wang M, Yang H, Qiu H, Lu H, da Y, Chen G, Jiang T, Fu W, Hu B, et al. Multi-shell copper catalysts for selective electroreduction of CO2 to multicarbon chemicals. Adv Energy Mater. 2024;14(1):2302556.","journal-title":"Adv Energy Mater"},{"issue":"40","key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2303099","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202303099","article-title":"CeO2\/CuS nanoplates electroreduce CO2 to ethanol with stabilized Cu+ species","volume":"19","author":"Yang Z","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yang Z, Ji D, Li Z, He Z, Hu Y, Yin J, Hou Y, Xi P, Yan CH. CeO2\/CuS nanoplates electroreduce CO2 to ethanol with stabilized Cu+ species. Small. 2023;19(40):2303099.","journal-title":"Small"},{"issue":"42","key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2206540","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202206540","article-title":"Engineering 3d\u20132p\u20134f gradient orbital coupling to enhance electrocatalytic oxygen reduction","volume":"34","author":"Wang X","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang X, Wang J, Wang P, Li L, Zhang X, Sun D, Li Y, Tang Y, Wang Y, Fu G. Engineering 3d\u20132p\u20134f gradient orbital coupling to enhance electrocatalytic oxygen reduction. Adv Mater. 2022;34(42):2206540.","journal-title":"Adv Mater"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1481\/1\/012040","article-title":"Optimization of complex NH3 with Cu2+ ions to determine levels of ammonia by UV-Vis spectrophotometer","volume":"1481","author":"Guspita D","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guspita D, Ulianas A. Optimization of complex NH3 with Cu2+ ions to determine levels of ammonia by UV-Vis spectrophotometer. J Phys Conf Ser. 2020;1481: Article 012040.","journal-title":"J Phys Conf Ser"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1007\/s12668-017-0409-z","article-title":"Synthesis, properties and antibacterial activity of the composites based on glauconite","volume":"7","author":"Venig SB","year":"2017","unstructured":"Venig SB, Chernova RK, Doronin SY, Soldatenko EM, Selifonova EI, Sergantov VG, Zaharevich AM, Shapoval OG. Synthesis, properties and antibacterial activity of the composites based on glauconite. BioNanoSci. 2017;7:659\u2013665.","journal-title":"BioNanoSci"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1902(76)80065-6","article-title":"EPR spectra of mixed-ligand copper(II) complexes in solution","volume":"38","author":"Yordanov ND","year":"1976","unstructured":"Yordanov ND, Shopov D. EPR spectra of mixed-ligand copper(II) complexes in solution. J Inorg Nucl Chem. 1976;38(1):137\u2013140.","journal-title":"J Inorg Nucl Chem"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.3c11861"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2208996","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202208996","article-title":"Tuning the C1 \/C2 selectivity of electrochemical CO2 reduction on Cu\u2013CeO2 nanorods by oxidation state control","volume":"35","author":"Hong S","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hong S, Abbas HG, Jang K, Patra KK, Kim B, Choi B, Song H, Lee KS, Choi PP, Ringe S, et al. Tuning the C1 \/C2 selectivity of electrochemical CO2 reduction on Cu\u2013CeO2 nanorods by oxidation state control. Adv Mater. 2023;35(8):2208996.","journal-title":"Adv Mater"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.5b09818"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1144\/1\/012063","article-title":"Structural study of Cu(II):glycine solution by x-ray absorption spectroscopy","volume":"1144","author":"Klaiphet K","year":"2018","unstructured":"Klaiphet K, Saisopa T, Pokapanich W, Tangsukworakhun S, Songsiriritthigul C, Saiyasombat C, C\u00e9olin D, Songsiriritthigul P. Structural study of Cu(II):glycine solution by x-ray absorption spectroscopy. J Phys Conf Ser. 2018;1144: Article 012063.","journal-title":"J Phys Conf Ser"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7593023","DOI":"10.34133\/2020\/7593023","article-title":"Oxygen-reconstituted active species of single-atom Cu catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction","volume":"2020","author":"Yang L","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yang L, Xu H, Liu H, Zeng X, Cheng D, Huang Y, Zheng L, Cao R, Cao D. Oxygen-reconstituted active species of single-atom Cu catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction. Research. 2020;2020:7593023.","journal-title":"Research"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","first-page":"2987234","article-title":"Intermetallic Cu5Zr clusters anchored on hierarchical nanoporous copper as efficient catalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction","volume":"2020","author":"Shi H","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shi H, Zhou Y-T, Yao R-Q, Wan W-B, Zhang Q-H, Gu L, Wen Z, Lang XY, Jiang Q. Intermetallic Cu5Zr clusters anchored on hierarchical nanoporous copper as efficient catalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction. Research. 2020;2020:2987234.","journal-title":"Research"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.3c01815"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-31427-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41929-019-0383-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41929-022-00880-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41929-020-0450-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.3c02399"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13833-8"},{"issue":"40","key":"e_1_3_4_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202209629","article-title":"Selective CO2 electroreduction to ethanol over a carbon-coated CuO\n                     x\n                   catalyst","volume":"61","author":"Zang Y","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zang Y, Liu T, Wei P, Li H, Wang Q, Wang G, Bao X. Selective CO2 electroreduction to ethanol over a carbon-coated CuOx catalyst. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2022;61(40): Article e202209629.","journal-title":"Angew Chem Int Ed Engl"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_4_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202214600","article-title":"Balancing activity and stability in spinel cobalt oxides through geometrical sites occupation towards efficient electrocatalytic oxygen evolution","volume":"62","author":"An L","year":"2023","unstructured":"An L, Zhang H, Zhu J, Xi S, Huang B, Sun M, Peng Y, Xi P, Yan CH. Balancing activity and stability in spinel cobalt oxides through geometrical sites occupation towards efficient electrocatalytic oxygen evolution. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2023;62(3): Article e202214600.","journal-title":"Angew Chem Int Ed Engl"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1949","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-37751-y","article-title":"Understanding the sulphur-oxygen exchange process of metal sulphides prior to oxygen evolution reaction","volume":"14","author":"Hu Y","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hu Y, Zheng Y, Jin J, Wang Y, Peng Y, Yin J, Shen W, Hou Y, Zhu L, An L, et al. Understanding the sulphur-oxygen exchange process of metal sulphides prior to oxygen evolution reaction. Nat Commun. 2023;14:1949.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41929-020-00547-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10743","DOI":"10.1039\/D1CS00629K","article-title":"From bulk to interface: Electrochemical phenomena and mechanism studies in batteries via electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance","volume":"50","author":"Ji Y","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ji Y, Yin Z-W, Yang Z, Deng Y-P, Chen H, Lin C, Yang L, Yang K, Zhang M, Xiao Q, et al. From bulk to interface: Electrochemical phenomena and mechanism studies in batteries via electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance. Chem Soc Rev. 2021;50:10743\u201310763.","journal-title":"Chem Soc Rev"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja503449w"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1821709116"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_4_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1246\/cl.190856","article-title":"In situ local pH measurements with hydrated iridium oxide ring electrodes in neutral pH aqueous solutions","volume":"49","author":"Yokoyama Y","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yokoyama Y, Miyazaki K, Kondo Y, Miyahara Y, Fukutsuka T, Abe T. In situ local pH measurements with hydrated iridium oxide ring electrodes in neutral pH aqueous solutions. Chem Lett. 2020;49(2):195\u2013198.","journal-title":"Chem Lett"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15448","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.3c03797","article-title":"Selectivity of electrochemical CO2 reduction toward ethanol and ethylene: The key role of surface-active hydrogen","volume":"13","author":"Ouyang Y","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ouyang Y, Shi L, Bai X, Ling C, Li Q, Wang J. Selectivity of electrochemical CO2 reduction toward ethanol and ethylene: The key role of surface-active hydrogen. ACS Catal. 2023;13:15448\u201315456.","journal-title":"ACS Catal"}],"container-title":["Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/spj.science.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.34133\/research.0796","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]],"date-time":"2025-07-31T08:01:35Z","timestamp":1753948895000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/spj.science.org\/doi\/10.34133\/research.0796"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"references-count":44,"alternative-id":["10.34133\/research.0796"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/research.0796","relation":{},"ISSN":["2639-5274"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2639-5274","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-05-27","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-06-29","order":1,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-07-02","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-07-31","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"0796"}}