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It is challenging to infer adaptation from viral genes or their coded protein sequences, particularly when the data labels for modeling are inadequate or the input sequence to be predicted is incomplete. Here, we developed a semi-supervised General Intelligence framework to predict Virus Adaptation based on Language-model-embedded protein sequences (GIVAL) for blind input of virus sequences. The language model in GIVAL, named virus Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (vBERT), was pretrained for embedding using hidden Markov model-contextualized tokens of viral protein sequences. vBERT outperformed prevalent pretrained models like DNABERT-2, proteinBERT, ESM-2, Transformer, and Word2Vec on distinguishing viral proteins with various-grained labels, such as serotypes and single phenotype-altering mutation. The semi-supervised GIVAL obtained higher accuracy in virus adaptation prediction and better fault tolerance on raw labels in the training dataset, overcoming the obstacle of modeling with insufficient labels and predicting blind input. GIVAL was applicable to the adaptation prediction of diverse viruses. For influenza A viruses (IAVs), higher human adaptation was predicted for equine-origin H3N8 IAVs and bovine H5N1 IAVs with simulated mutations. For coronaviruses, GIVAL predicted an adaptation shift of receptor binding from Middle East respiratory syndrome\u2013related coronavirus (MERS-CoV) receptor to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus receptor of 2 recently reported MERS-CoV-like virus variants. For monkeypox viruses, GIVAL quantified an incremental adaptation shift of viral variants, matching the rise in human monkeypox cases. Summarily, GIVAL provides a generally intelligent framework for predicting virus adaptation based on its genotype, with the potential to extend to more genotype-to-phenotype prediction scenarios.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.34133\/research.0871","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]],"date-time":"2025-08-14T15:10:16Z","timestamp":1755184216000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark_01","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["General Intelligence Framework to Predict Virus Adaptation Based on a Genome Language Model"],"prefix":"10.34133","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Shu-Yang","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mathematics, \rJilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China."},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, \rAcademy of Military Medical Science, Beijing 100071, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shi-Shun","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mathematics, \rJilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun-Qing","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, \rAcademy of Military Medical Science, Beijing 100071, China."},{"name":"Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering (BAIC-SM), College of Life Science and Technology, \rBeijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, \rAcademy of Military Medical Science, Beijing 100071, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongpeng","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, \rAcademy of Military Medical Science, Beijing 100071, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yigang","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering (BAIC-SM), College of Life Science and Technology, \rBeijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, \rAcademy of Military Medical Science, Beijing 100071, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianwei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Merieux Laboratory, National Institute of Pathogen Biology, \rChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China."},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease Pathogenomics, \rChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, \rAcademy of Military Medical Science, Beijing 100071, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6860-6135","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, \rAcademy of Military Medical Science, Beijing 100071, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-genet-112414-054823"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2020.09.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abh0117"},{"issue":"101","key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20140950","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2014.0950","article-title":"Global rise in human infectious disease outbreaks","volume":"11","author":"Smith KF","year":"2014","unstructured":"Smith KF, Goldberg M, Rosenthal S, Carlson L, Chen J, Chen C, Ramachandran S. 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