{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T08:59:08Z","timestamp":1785142748276,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":7,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U23A20487"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U23A20487"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"The Central Government-Guided Fund for Local Science and Technology Development","award":["2025ZY01034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025ZY01034"]}]},{"name":"Provincial Key Laboratory Program","award":["2025E10048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025E10048"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007219","name":"Shanghai Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["22ZR1477700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22ZR1477700"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007219","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["spj.science.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Precision surgery in soft tissues is currently hindered by the lack of real-time, depth-resolved visualization. Conventional navigation relies on preoperative images that fail to account for intraoperative deformation, while existing intraoperative tools often lack intuitive spatial correspondence. Here, we propose Surgical Anatomical Structure Transparentization (SAST), an emerging framework anchored by second near-infrared fluorescence imaging. Unlike augmented reality, which merely displays static preoperative models, SAST represents a sensing paradigm that utilizes direct photon scattering suppression to visualize deep anatomy in\u00a0situ. We delineate the critical technological trajectory\u2014from monocular 2-dimensional fluorescence to 3-dimensional volumetric perception via stereoscopic vision and computational imaging\u2014required to bridge the dimensional gap. By transforming navigation from \u201creferencing a map\u201d to \u201cseeing through tissue\u201d, SAST promises to redefine surgical perception through continuous, real-time anatomical transparency.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.34133\/research.1371","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,5]],"date-time":"2026-07-05T22:27:47Z","timestamp":1783290467000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark_01","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Near-Infrared II Imaging and Surgical Anatomical Structure Transparentization: An Emerging Framework for Precision Surgery"],"prefix":"10.34133","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5459-800X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hui","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, \rZhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China."},{"name":"College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, \rZhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China."},{"name":"Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Medical Decision Support, \rTaizhou Institute of Zhejiang University, Taizhou 318000, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxiao","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, \rZhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2827-2155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaolong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, \rZhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"41","key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202509294","article-title":"Advanced image-guidance and surgical-navigation techniques for real-time visualized surgery","volume":"12","author":"Fan X","year":"2025","unstructured":"Fan X, Liu X, Xia Q, Chen G, Cheng J, Shi Z, Fang Y, Khadaroo PA, Qian J, Lin H. Advanced image-guidance and surgical-navigation techniques for real-time visualized surgery. Adv Sci. 2025;12(41): Article e09294.","journal-title":"Adv Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-021-00548-3"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-021-00628-0","article-title":"Perfecting and extending the near-infrared imaging window","volume":"10","author":"Feng Z","year":"2021","unstructured":"Feng Z, Tang T, Wu T, Yu X, Zhang Y, Wang M, Zheng J, Ying Y, Chen S, Zhou J, et al. Perfecting and extending the near-infrared imaging window. Light Sci Appl. 2021;10(1):197.","journal-title":"Light Sci Appl"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-019-0494-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-024-00892-0"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","first-page":"20","article-title":"Initial experience of NIR-II fluorescence imaging-guided surgery in foot and ankle surgery","volume":"40","author":"Fan X","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fan X, Yang J, Ni H, Xia Q, Liu X, Wu T, Li L, Prasad PN, Liu C, Lin H, et al. Initial experience of NIR-II fluorescence imaging-guided surgery in foot and ankle surgery. Engineering. 2024;40(9):20\u201329.","journal-title":"Engineering"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.34133\/research.0583"}],"container-title":["Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/spj.science.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.34133\/research.1371","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T08:00:32Z","timestamp":1785139232000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/spj.science.org\/doi\/10.34133\/research.1371"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]},"references-count":7,"alternative-id":["10.34133\/research.1371"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/research.1371","relation":{},"ISSN":["2639-5274"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2639-5274","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-02-05","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-29","order":1,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-03","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-27","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"1371"}}