{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T02:58:15Z","timestamp":1790650695488,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"03","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Objectives: To measure radiographically the inclination angle (ICA), femoral varus angle (FVA), anatomical lateral distal femoral angle (aLDFA), and mechanical lateral distal femoral angle (mLDFA) in Pomeranian dogs with and without medial patellar luxation (MPL).<\/jats:p><jats:p>Materials and methods: Stifles of 34 Pomeranian dogs were graded and allocated into three groups: normal, grades I-II MPL, and grade III MPL. Angle values were measured from craniocaudal radiographs of the hindlimbs by each of the three examiners on three separate occasions.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Results: Each of the three groups consisted of 15 stifles. Means \u00b1 SD for the ICA, FVA, aLDFA and mLDFA in the normal stifles were 136.46 \u00b1 7.12\u00b0, 5.85 \u00b1 3.18\u00b0, 95.21 \u00b1 3.48\u00b0 and 99.46 \u00b1 4\u00b0, respectively. No significant differences (p &gt;0.05) in the measured values for the ICA between groups were observed. The FVA, aLDFA and mLDFA values in grade III MPL group were significantly (p &lt;0.05) greater than those in the other two groups. Significant differences in the three angles between the normal and grades I-II MPL groups were not observed.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Clinical significance: Significant change of distal femoral varus exists in Pomeranian dogs with grade III MPL.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3415\/vcot-11-04-0057","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,27]],"date-time":"2012-01-27T13:47:49Z","timestamp":1327672069000},"page":"197-201","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Radiographic measurement for femoral varus in Pomeranian dogs with and without medial patellar luxation"],"prefix":"10.3415","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"C.","family":"Soparat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Wangdee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Chuthatep","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Kalpravidh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.3415\/VCOT-11-04-0057-1","unstructured":"Hulse DA. Medial patellar luxation in the dog. In: Disease Mechanisms in Small Animal Surgery. 2nd ed. Bojrab MJ, editor. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger; 1993. pg. 808-817."},{"key":"10.3415\/VCOT-11-04-0057-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.1987.tb00910.x"},{"key":"10.3415\/VCOT-11-04-0057-3","unstructured":"Slocum B, Slocum TD. Alignment problems of the hindlimb. Proceedings of the 10th ESVOT Congress; 2000 March 23-26; Munich, Germany. pg. 60-62."},{"key":"10.3415\/VCOT-11-04-0057-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.231.7.1070"},{"key":"10.3415\/VCOT-11-04-0057-5","unstructured":"Palmer RH. Controversies in the management of patellar luxation. Proceedings of the BVOA Spring Scientific Meeting; 2008 April 2; Birmingham, England. pg. 30-34."},{"key":"10.3415\/VCOT-11-04-0057-6","unstructured":"Peruski AM, Kowaleski MP, Pozzi A, et al. Treatment of medial patellar luxation and distal femoral varus by femoral wedge osteotomy in dogs: 30 cases (2000-2005). Proceedings of the 2nd World Veterinary Orthopedic Congress; 2006 February 25 - March 4; Keystone, Colorado (USA). pg. 240."},{"key":"10.3415\/VCOT-11-04-0057-7","unstructured":"Piermattei DL, Flo GL, DeCamp CE, editors. Patellar Luxation. In: Handbook of Small Animal Orthopedics and Fracture Repair. 4th ed. St Louis: Saunders Elsevier; 2006. pg. 562-582."},{"key":"10.3415\/VCOT-11-04-0057-8","unstructured":"Palmer RH. Patellar luxation: simple to the complex. Proceedings of the 34th World Small Animal Veterinary Association Congress; 2009 July 21-24; Sao Paulo, Brazil."},{"key":"10.3415\/VCOT-11-04-0057-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2007.00347.x"},{"key":"10.3415\/VCOT-11-04-0057-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2006.00184.x"},{"key":"10.3415\/VCOT-11-04-0057-11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2007.00309.x"},{"key":"10.3415\/VCOT-11-04-0057-12","unstructured":"Ikuta CL, Palmer RH, Cadmus JM, et al. Does radiography permit accurate measurement of femoral angulation across a broad range of femoral conformations? Proceedings of the 35th Annual Conference of Veterinary Orthopedic Society; 2008 March 8-15; Big Sky, Montana (USA). pg. 29."},{"key":"10.3415\/VCOT-11-04-0057-13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paley D, editor. Normal lower limb alignment and joint orientation. In: Principles of Deformity Correction. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 2002. pg. 1-18.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-59373-4_1"},{"key":"10.3415\/VCOT-11-04-0057-14","first-page":"740","volume":"160","author":"Priester","year":"1972","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.3415\/VCOT-11-04-0057-15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1616589","volume":"20","author":"Alam","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol"},{"key":"10.3415\/VCOT-11-04-0057-16","unstructured":"Tonks CA, Tomlinson JL, Peck JN. Radiographic measurements of femoral angles in nonchondrodystrophic, small breed dogs. Proceedings of the 35th Annual Conference of Veterinary Orthopedic Society; 2008 March 8-15; Big Sky, Montana (USA). pg. 90."},{"key":"10.3415\/VCOT-11-04-0057-17","first-page":"1064","volume":"50","author":"Mortari","year":"2009","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"key":"10.3415\/VCOT-11-04-0057-18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950x.2005.00040.x"},{"key":"10.3415\/VCOT-11-04-0057-19","unstructured":"Kowaleski MP. Corrective osteotomy for medial patellar luxation. Proceedings of the International Congress of the Italian Association of Companion Animal Veterinarians; 2009 May 29-31; Rimini, Italy. pg. 357-360."},{"key":"10.3415\/VCOT-11-04-0057-20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.3415\/VCOT-07-08-0076","volume":"22","author":"Daems","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol"},{"key":"10.3415\/VCOT-11-04-0057-21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.3415\/VCOT-08-01-0009","volume":"22","author":"Bound","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol"},{"key":"10.3415\/VCOT-11-04-0057-22","unstructured":"Fasanella FJ, Horstman CL, Mason DR, et al. Radiographic measurement of the femoral axes, joint angles, and varus angle in orthopedically normal small breed dogs and small breed dogs with medial patellar luxation. Proceedings of the 38th Annual Conference of Veterinary Orthopedic Society; 2001 March 5-12; Snowmass, Colorado (USA). pg. 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