{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T17:35:10Z","timestamp":1787679310137,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Maad Rayan Publishing Company","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["ahj.kmu.ac.ir"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Addict Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Nicotine dependence is one of the most significant barriers to smoking cessation. Therefore, measuring this dependence is crucial for effective smoking cessation interventions. The current study aimed to evaluate the degree of agreement between the Fagerstr\u00f6m Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) and the Heaviness of Smoking Index (HSI) among Iranian smokers. Methods: We analyzed the data obtained from two previous studies among 580 daily smokers in Iran. Data were collected using the FTND scale. Cohen\u2019s kappa was utilized to assess the degree of agreement between HSI and FTND. Results: The HSI showed significant agreement with FTND (Cohen\u2019s kappa=0.72) in assessing nicotine dependence, with a sensitivity of 88.6% and a specificity of 90.3%. Conclusion: The HSI is a valid and reliable tool for measuring nicotine dependence, exhibiting significant agreement with FTND. As a result, the HSI can be considered an alternative to the FTND in both clinical and research settings, particularly for heavy smokers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.34172\/ahj.1493","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,8]],"date-time":"2024-10-08T08:42:19Z","timestamp":1728376939000},"page":"159-162","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34172\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Agreement between the Fagerstr\u00f6m Test for Nicotine Dependence and the Heaviness of Smoking Index among Iranian Male Smokers"],"prefix":"10.34172","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4876-1058","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bagher","family":"Pahlavanzadeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, School of Health, Research Center for Environmental Contaminants, Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4770-2002","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Abdurrahman","family":"Charkazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Environmental Health Research Center, Faculty of Health, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"20123","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1","unstructured":"Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME). Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. IHME; 2018."},{"key":"R2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO). WHO Global Report on Trends in Prevalence of Tobacco Smoking 2000-2025. WHO; 2018."},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ijpvm.IJPVM_514_20"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01879.x"},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/ajhb.2005.29.5.443"},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2004.08.015"},{"key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14622200412331328394"},{"key":"R8","first-page":"763","article-title":"Nicotine addiction and its assessment","volume":"69","author":"Fagerstrom KO","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ear Nose Throat J"},{"key":"R9","first-page":"763","article-title":"Nicotine addiction and its assessment","volume":"69","author":"Fagerstrom KO","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ear Nose Throat J"},{"key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1989.tb03059.x"},{"key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0376-8716(94)90158-9"},{"key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1462220031000158708"},{"key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1178221818822979"},{"key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/j.1440-1614.2005.01538.x"},{"key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-9-493"},{"key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18332\/tid\/155376"},{"key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/2277-9531.99954"},{"key":"R18","unstructured":"Charkazi A, Bahador E, Moudi M, Shahnazi H, Orouji MA, Habibi A, et al. Smoking decisional balance and its relationship with stages of change among smokers. J Health Care 2013;15(3):64-70. [Persian]."},{"key":"R19","unstructured":"Sharifirad GR, Charkazi A, Mirkarimi K, Seyyedghasemi N, Shahnazi H, Hajili Davaji F, et al. Application of transtheoretical model to determination of smoking behavior. J Gorgan Univ Med Sci 2016;18(3):103-10. [Persian]."},{"key":"R20","first-page":"1128","article-title":"The effect of individual counseling, line follow-up, and free nicotine replacement therapy on smoking cessation in the samples of Iranian smokers: examination of transtheoretical model","volume":"17","author":"Sharifirad GR","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Res Med Sci"},{"key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2004.03.019"},{"key":"R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7314\/apjcp.2012.13.1.343"},{"key":"R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2005.02.001"},{"key":"R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0306-4603(02)00264-2"}],"container-title":["Addiction and Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ahj.kmu.ac.ir\/article_92508_3c5610dc8d57eb468ef9e36d86e06851.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/ahj.kmu.ac.ir\/article_92508_3c5610dc8d57eb468ef9e36d86e06851.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,17]],"date-time":"2024-10-17T09:32:11Z","timestamp":1729157531000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ahj.kmu.ac.ir\/article_92508.html"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34172\/ahj.1493","relation":{},"ISSN":["2008-4633","2008-8469"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2008-4633","type":"print"},{"value":"2008-8469","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Kerman University of Medical Sciences","name":"journal_owner","label":"Journal Owner"},{"value":"Kerman University of Medical Sciences","name":"journal_publisher","label":"Journal Publisher"},{"value":"2023-07-29","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-05-01","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-07-29","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}