{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T19:31:03Z","timestamp":1770751863363,"version":"3.50.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Maad Rayan Publishing Company","issue":"4Suppl1","content-domain":{"domain":["www.aimjournal.ir"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arch Iran Med"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            <jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold>  War causes more death and disability than many major diseases. There are few studies in the context of the deleterious impact of war on fertility potential; therefore, in this study, we tried to review articles about the adverse effects of war on male\/ female fertility potential <jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold>  In this study, a total of 183 articles related to the effects of war on fertility potential were examined by a systematic search using known international medical databases. <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>  Among these studies, there were limited studies on the effects of war on female infertility and most studies examined the effects of war on sperm parameters and male infertility. The physical and psychological trauma of war can increase the risk of infertility in men and women. Presence of reproductive system toxins in weapons, stressful periods of war and direct damage to the reproductive system can impair the fertility of men and women. The way war affects male fertility is not clear, but the higher degree of stress during wartime seems to play an important role. Using reproductive toxicants during the war also increases the risk of impairment in reproductive function in men. Some studies have shown the harmful effects of Sulfur mustard as a war chemical toxin especially on sperm quality and male infertility. Oxidative stress induced by free radicals is a major mechanism for the direct effects of Sulfur mustard on male infertility. <jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold>  The study of past research suggests that exposure to war may be an independent risk factor for reproductive disorders and infertility in men. For female infertility, war leads to menstrual dysfunction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.34172\/aim.2020.s4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,30]],"date-time":"2020-04-30T08:01:43Z","timestamp":1588233703000},"page":"S16-S22","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34172\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Impact of War on Fertility and Infertility"],"prefix":"10.34172","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Ayeh","family":"Bolouki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biochemistry Department, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Zal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biochemistry Department, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran"},{"name":"Research Center for Traditional Medicine and History of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"20123","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)11133-0","article-title":"The world report on violence and health","volume":"360","author":"Krug EG","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2013.4468"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.4700140503"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.4700250306"},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pu.14.050193.001111"},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2006.10.026","article-title":"The long-term effects of the Holocaust on the reproductive function of female survivors","volume":"14","author":"Pasternak A","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Minim Invasive Gynecol"},{"key":"R7","first-page":"613","article-title":"Frequency of live births among survivors of the atomic boms hiroshima","volume":"24","author":"Seigel D","year":"1972","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000257170.83920.de","article-title":"Effect of war on the menstrual cycle Obstet","volume":"109","author":"Hannoun AB","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gynecol"},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED-D-13-00175"},{"key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/S0013-9351(88)80039-2","article-title":"Health and reproductive outcomes among American Legionnaires in relation to combat and herbicide exposure in Vietnam","volume":"47","author":"Stellman SD","year":"1988","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"R11","first-page":"29","article-title":"Major reproductive health characteristics in male Gulf War Veterans The Danish Gulf War Study","volume":"48","author":"Ishoy T","year":"2001","journal-title":"Dan Med Bull"},{"key":"R12","unstructured":"Sim M, Abramson M, Forbes A, Glass D, Ikin J, Ittak P. Australian Gulf Veterans\u2019 Health Study. vol. 2: Commonwealth Department of Veterans\u2019 Affairs; 2003."},{"key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38163.620972.AE","article-title":"Infertility among male UK veterans of the 1990-1 Gulf war: reproductive cohort study","volume":"329","author":"Maconochie N","year":"2004","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-7-79","article-title":"Reproductive health of male Australian veterans of the 1991 Gulf War","volume":"7","author":"Kelsall HL","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2007.01.067","article-title":"Effect of the Lebanese civil war on sperm parameters","volume":"88","author":"Abu-Musa AA","year":"2007","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2007.06.061","article-title":"Civil war and male infertility in Lebanon","volume":"90","author":"Kobeissi L","year":"2008","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"R17","first-page":"547","article-title":"Alterations of libido in gased Iranian men","volume":"34","author":"Pour-Jafari H","year":"1992","journal-title":"Vet Hum Toxicol"},{"key":"R18","first-page":"72","article-title":"Urogenital and fertility complications in victims of chemical war residing in Kerman province","volume":"5","author":"Ketabchi A","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Kerman Univ Med Sci"},{"key":"R19","first-page":"46","article-title":"The effect of chemical weapons on serum concentrations of various hormones","volume":"7","author":"Azizi F","year":"1989","journal-title":"Iran J Med Sci"},{"key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1080\/07488009508409195","article-title":"Reproductive function in men following exposure to chemical warfare with sulphur mustard","volume":"11","author":"Azizi F","year":"1995","journal-title":"Med War"},{"key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(01)01085-8","article-title":"Testicular effect of mustard gas","volume":"58","author":"Safarinejad M","year":"2001","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"R22","first-page":"27","article-title":"Late complications of chemical warfare gases on pituitary-gonadal axis","volume":"21","author":"Amini M","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Faculty Med Shahid Beheshti Univ Med Sci"},{"key":"R23","first-page":"411","article-title":"Chronic mustard toxicity on the testis: a historical cohort study two decades after exposure","volume":"32","author":"Amirzargar MA","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Androl"},{"key":"R24","first-page":"59","article-title":"Long-term effect of exposure to mustard gas on male infertility","volume":"9","author":"Shakeri S","year":"2007","journal-title":"Iran Red Crescent Med J"},{"key":"R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2004.03.003","article-title":"Assessment of fertility among mustard-exposed residents of Sardasht, Iran: a historical cohort study","volume":"18","author":"Ghanei M","year":"2004","journal-title":"Reprod Toxicol"},{"key":"R26","first-page":"547","article-title":"Alterations of libido in gased Iranian men","volume":"34","author":"Pour-Jafari H","year":"1992","journal-title":"Vet Hum Toxicol"},{"key":"R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71\u201380","DOI":"10.1159\/000253416","article-title":"Sperm chromatin structure assay analysis of Iranian mustard gas casualties: a long-term outlook","volume":"4","author":"Safarinejad MR","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Urol"},{"key":"R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-7843.2006.pto_429.x","article-title":"Comparison of early and late toxic effects of sulfur mustard in Iranian veterans","volume":"99","author":"Balali-Mood M","year":"2006","journal-title":"Basic Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.2550130511","article-title":"Dominant lethal study of sulfur mustard in male and female rats","volume":"13","author":"Sasser L","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Appl Toxicol"},{"key":"R30","first-page":"27","article-title":"Evaluation of sulfur mustard effect on the spermatogenesis process of mature male rats","volume":"5","author":"Kooshesh L","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Iran Anat Sci"},{"key":"R31","first-page":"448","article-title":"Outcome of pregnancy in women exposed to the atomic bomb in Nagasaki","volume":"87","author":"Yamazaki JN","year":"1954","journal-title":"AMA Am J Dis Child"},{"key":"R32","first-page":"358","article-title":"Dysfunctional uterine bleeding in active-duty women: scope of the problem and management options","volume":"6","author":"Petit N","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Womens Health"},{"key":"R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-7599.2001.tb00245.x"},{"key":"R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9681(61)90138-2"},{"key":"R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03057070120050000"},{"key":"R36","first-page":"716","article-title":"Effect of occupational stress on menses and sex hormones of female knitting workers","volume":"27","author":"Yao S","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chin J Ind Hyg Occup Des"},{"key":"R37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/0167482X.2015.1026892"},{"key":"R38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000100289.82156.8b"},{"key":"R39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000100290.90888.4a","article-title":"Job strain and male fertility","volume":"15","author":"Hjollund NHI","year":"2004","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"R40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.humrep.a137745"},{"key":"R41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/0890-6238(89)90003-8","article-title":"Semen characteristics of Vietnam veterans","volume":"3","author":"DeStefano F","year":"1989","journal-title":"Reprod Toxicol"},{"key":"R42","unstructured":"Oughterson AW, Warren S. Medical Effects of the Atomic Bomb in Japan. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1956."},{"key":"R43","first-page":"178\u201383","article-title":"Semenquality changes among Slovenian healthy men included in the IVF-ET programme during 1983\u20131996","volume":"22","author":"Zorn B","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int J Androl"},{"key":"R44","unstructured":"Ladier-Fouladi, M. Population et politique en Iran: de la monarchie \u00e0 la R\u00e9publique islamique. Presses Universitaires de France; 2003."},{"key":"R45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2007.10.011"},{"key":"R46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0010845"},{"key":"R47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327115571766"},{"key":"R48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1472-6483(10)61730-0"},{"key":"R49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5534\/wjmh.2014.32.1.1"},{"key":"R50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7827-2-12"},{"key":"R51","first-page":"357","article-title":"Oxidative stress & male infertility","volume":"129","author":"Makker K","year":"2009","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"R52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2015.04.006"},{"key":"R53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/138955712801264783"},{"key":"R54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0046149"},{"key":"R55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000343522"},{"key":"R56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15563651003623297"},{"key":"R57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2007.10.004"},{"key":"R58","first-page":"614","article-title":"The use of melatonin to combat mustard toxicity","volume":"29","author":"Korkmaz A","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuro Endocrinol Lett"}],"container-title":["Archives of Iranian Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.aimjournal.ir\/PDF\/aim-23-S16.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.aimjournal.ir\/PDF\/aim-23-S16.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,30]],"date-time":"2020-04-30T08:01:55Z","timestamp":1588233715000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.aimjournal.ir\/Article\/aim-6737"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4Suppl1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34172\/aim.2020.s4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1029-2977","1735-3947"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1029-2977","type":"print"},{"value":"1735-3947","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Academy of Medical Sciences of the I.R. Iran","name":"journal_owner","label":"Journal Owner"},{"value":"Academy of Medical Sciences of the I.R. Iran","name":"journal_publisher","label":"Journal Publisher"}]}}