{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]],"date-time":"2025-03-19T15:33:47Z","timestamp":1742398427790,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Maad Rayan Publishing Company","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":["journalaim.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arch Iran Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Typhus is an acute febrile disease caused by a series of bacteria called Rickettsia that is transmitted by insects such as lice, fleas, and ticks. This disease has appeared several times in Iran and caused many casualties. There were some therapeutic measures taken by European physicians in Tehran and medical graduates of the Dar al-Fonun school or expatriates who had studied medical courses in Western countries, even though the taken steps were not enough. Due to the lack of sanitation and cleaning products after the outbreak of World War I in March 1917 and its synchronization with the swift outbreak of Typhus in 1918, heavy casualties followed. In this study, we first examine the prevalence of Typhus in the Qajar dynasty in Iran, and will then focus on the pathological importance of this disease history in Iran. After that, we will study the role of Typhus prevalence and World War I in the Persian famine, malnutrition, and food poverty. Moreover, we investigated the role that this great war had in strengthening the spread of this disease and its role in the death of many Iranian people.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.34172\/aim.2022.120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,17]],"date-time":"2023-04-17T08:04:43Z","timestamp":1681718683000},"page":"758-764","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34172\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Typhus Disease in Iran during the Qajar Period (1725 to 1925 AD); a Brief Historical Review"],"prefix":"10.34172","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1635-4578","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Seyyed Alireza","family":"Golshani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Postdoctoral Researcher, History of Iran after Islam, Department of History, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1475-0008","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ghobad","family":"Mansourbakht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Professor, Department of History, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7956-5949","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Faranak","family":"Alembizar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of History of Medicine, School of Persian Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"20123","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.34172\/aim.2021.11"},{"key":"R2","first-page":"51","article-title":"Typhus, the consequences of the occurrence and expansion of World War II in Iran","volume":"12","author":"Dehghannejad M","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of History of Foreign Relations"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0923-2508(00)00116-9"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/24030"},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/520454"},{"key":"R6","unstructured":"Floor WM. Public Health in Qajar Iran. Washington: Health & Fitness, 2004."},{"key":"R7","first-page":"747","article-title":"An overview of epidemic typhus in the world and Iran during the 19th and 20th centuries","volume":"19","author":"Azizi MH","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch Iran Med"},{"key":"R8","unstructured":"Polak JE. Polak Travelogue. Trans: Jahandari K. Tehran: Kharazmi Publication; 1982. p. 495-506. [Persian]."},{"key":"R9","unstructured":"Brugsch HK. Reise der K. Preussischen Gesandtschaft nach Persien: 1860 und 1861. Vol 2. Leipzig: J.C. Hinrichs; 1863. p. 179. [German]."},{"key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22037\/mhj.v12i44.31153.[Persian]"},{"key":"R11","unstructured":"Ravandi M. Social History of Iran. Vol 3. Tehran: Amir-Kabir; 1975. p. 8. [Persian]."},{"key":"R12","unstructured":"Woulfe Sheil ML. Glimpses of Life and Manners in Persia. London: John Murray; 1856. p. 106."},{"key":"R13","unstructured":"Orsolle E. Le Caucase et la Perse. Paris: E. Plon, Nourrit et Cie; 1885. p. 177. [French]."},{"key":"R14","unstructured":"Nematollahi SR, Golshani SA. Social History of Medicine and Public Health in Iran`s Naseri Era. Tehran: Mirmah; 2015. p. 79-80. [Persian]."},{"key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mehlhorn H. Argas species, leather or soft ticks. In: Mehlhorn H, ed. Encyclopedia of Parasitology. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2016.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-43978-4_260"},{"key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1781408"},{"key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ebrahimnejad H. Medicine, Public Health and the Qajar State: Patterns of Medical Modernization in Nineteenth-Century Iran, Sir Henry Wellcome Asian Studies Series. Leiden: Brill; 2004. p. 33-74.","DOI":"10.1163\/9789047405610"},{"key":"R18","unstructured":"Mostofi A. Sharh Zendgi Man. Vol 1. Tehran: Zavar; 2005. p. 110-69. [Persian]."},{"key":"R19","unstructured":"Sepehr A. Meraat al-Vaghaye Muzaffari. Vol 1. Edit: Navayi A. Tehran: Meras Maktob; 2007. p. 251. [Persian]."},{"key":"R20","unstructured":"Hamilton A. Afghanistan. Boston, Tokyo: J.B. Millet Company; 1910."},{"key":"R21","first-page":"760","article-title":"The Westminster medical college and hospital in Urmia, Iran, 1879-1915","volume":"20","author":"Afshar A","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch Iran Med"},{"key":"R22","unstructured":"Shahidi H. The Story of Tehran. Tehran: Rah-e Mana; 2004. p. 483. [Persian]."},{"key":"R23","unstructured":"Kasravi A. The 18 Year History of Azerbaijan. Tehran: Amir-Kabir; 2005. p. 733-45. [Persian]."},{"key":"R24","unstructured":"Kamali H. Violation of Iran\u2019s impartiality in World War I and its aftermath. J Polit Stud. 2011,4(14):127-50."},{"key":"R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/bhm.2003.0049"},{"key":"R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0025727300058725"},{"key":"R27","unstructured":"Farahani H, Behboodi H. The Day of the Contemporary History of Iran. Tehran: Institute of Political Studies and Research; 2006. [Persian]."},{"key":"R28","unstructured":"Milani A. The Shah. New York: Palgrave Macmillan; 2011. p. 2-19."},{"key":"R29","unstructured":"Majd MG. The Great Famine and Genocide in Persia, 1917-1919. Tehran: Political Studies and Research Institute; 2007. p. 47-50. [Persian]."},{"key":"R30","unstructured":"Allemagne HRD. Travelogue from Khorasan to Bakhtiari. Translated by Ali Mohammad Farhvashi. Tehran: Amir-Kabir; 1956. p. 20."},{"key":"R31","unstructured":"Qahreman Mirza Salour Eyn-Saltaneh. Roznameh Khaterat Eyn- Saltaneh. Vol 7. Edit Salour M & Afshar E. Tehran: Asateer; 1995. p. 5280-802. [Persian]."},{"key":"R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.34172\/aim.2020.37"},{"key":"R33","unstructured":"Fakhr al-Atebba. Tohfe-ye Naseri. Tehran: Manuscript, National Library & Archives of Iran; 1862. p. 1. [Persian]."},{"key":"R34","unstructured":"Abdul Wahab Tafreshi MA. Matlaol-tebb Nasseri (Medical Pathology). Tehran: Manuscript, National Library & Archives of Iran; 1882. p. 581. [Persian]."},{"key":"R35","unstructured":"Polak JE. Treatise on the Instructions for Disease Treatment and Management. Tehran: Manuscript, National Library & Archives of Iran; 1889. p. 75. [Persian]."},{"key":"R36","unstructured":"Safari B. Ardabil in the Passage of History. Ardabil: Islamic Azad University (Ardabil Branch); 1991. p. 488. [Persian]."},{"key":"R37","unstructured":"Alijani M. Examination and medical methods from point of European visitors in Gajar. Med Hist 2012;5(16):93-123. [Persian]."}],"container-title":["Archives of Iranian Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/journalaim.com\/PDF\/aim-25-758.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/journalaim.com\/PDF\/aim-25-758.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,17]],"date-time":"2023-04-17T08:05:19Z","timestamp":1681718719000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/journalaim.com\/Article\/aim-25891"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34172\/aim.2022.120","relation":{},"ISSN":["1029-2977","1735-3947"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1029-2977"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1735-3947"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Academy of Medical Sciences of I.R. Iran","name":"journal_owner","label":"Journal Owner"},{"value":"Academy of Medical Sciences of I.R. Iran","name":"journal_publisher","label":"Journal Publisher"},{"value":"2022-04-16","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-07-13","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-11-01","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}