{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T19:21:00Z","timestamp":1785007260967,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Maad Rayan Publishing Company","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":["aimjournal.ir"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arch Iran Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Abdominal obesity is associated with increased risk of myocardial infarction and death events. Thus, obtaining data on the status of abdominal obesity is important in risk factor assessment and prevention of non-communicable diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the validity of using pictograms to classify abdominal obesity indices (waist circumference [WC], waist-hip ratio [WHR], and waist-height ratio [WHtR]) into normal and at-risk categories and determine the effects of demographic characteristics on this validity. Methods: This cross-sectional study used data from Pars Cohort Study (PCS). Participants chose the most similar pictogram scores to their body size at 15, 30 years, and current age. Optimal normal\/at-risk cut-off values for pictograms were calculated using sensitivity\/specificity plots. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to evaluate the validity of pictograms. Validity measures were analyzed across different subgroups of demographic characteristics. Results: A total of 9263 participants (46% males) were included in the study. The estimated area under the curves were 84% for WC, 77% for WHR, and 89% for WHtR in males, and 84% for WC, 73% for WHR, and 90% for WHtR in females. Optimal pictogram cutoffs to classify central obesity for WC, WHR, and WHtR were 4, 4, and 5 in males and 4, 4, and 6 in females, respectively. The majority of demographic characteristics were not associated with the validity of pictograms. Conclusion: Using pictograms to determine normal and at-risk categories of abdominal obesity indices is valid among adult population with a wide range of demographic characteristics. However, the results need to be interpreted with caution in those with a positive history of weight fluctuation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.34172\/aim.2022.60","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,12]],"date-time":"2022-07-12T10:16:52Z","timestamp":1657621012000},"page":"366-374","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34172\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Pictogram Is a Valid Instrument to Classify At-Risk Adult Population Based on Abdominal Obesity: Results from Pars Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.34172","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2916-9187","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alireza","family":"Kamalipour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MPH Department, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran"},{"name":"Hamilton Glaucoma Center, Shiley Eye Institute, Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Diego, California, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6725-0045","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Amirhossein","family":"Roshanshad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MPH Department, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran"},{"name":"Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahdi","family":"Nalini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jafar","family":"Hassanzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reza","family":"Malekzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liver, Pancreatic, and Biliary Diseases Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Malekzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digestive Disease Research Center, Digestive Research Institute, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hossein","family":"Poustchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liver, Pancreatic, and Biliary Diseases Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdullah","family":"Gandomkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Non-Communicable Disease Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alireza","family":"Salehi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MPH Department, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7024-8894","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hossein","family":"Molavi Vardanjani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MPH Department, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran"},{"name":"MPH Department, School of Medicine, Research Center for Traditional Medicine and History of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"20123","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.06.027"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-1585"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05488"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0801891"},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/md.0000000000011639"},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdr494"},{"key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0137534"},{"key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2004.142"},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2009.08.014"},{"key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0195697"},{"key":"R11","first-page":"115","article-title":"Use of the Danish Adoption Register for the study of obesity and thinness","volume":"60","author":"Stunkard AJ","year":"1983","journal-title":"Res Publ Assoc Res Nerv Ment Dis"},{"key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00038-016-0848-2"},{"key":"R13","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO). Waist Circumference and Waist-Hip Ratio: Report of a WHO Expert Consultation, Geneva, 8-11 December 2008. WHO; 2011."},{"key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2013.10.024"},{"key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15171\/mejdd.2018.94"},{"key":"R16","first-page":"243","article-title":"Appropriate waist circumference cut-off points among Iranian adults: the first report of the Iranian National Committee of Obesity","volume":"13","author":"Azizi F","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Iran Med"},{"key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2009.180"},{"key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/2008-7802.151434"},{"key":"R19","first-page":"276","article-title":"The discriminatory performance of body mass index, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio and waist-to-height ratio for detection of metabolic syndrome and their optimal cutoffs among Iranian adults","volume":"14","author":"Hajian-Tilaki K","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Res Health Sci"},{"key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bimj.200410135"},{"key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.2307\/2531595","article-title":"Comparing the areas under two or more correlated receiver operating characteristic curves: a nonparametric approach","volume":"44","author":"DeLong ER","year":"1988","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0801742"},{"key":"R23","first-page":"89","article-title":"Development and validity of the Japanese version of body shape silhouette: relationship between self-rating silhouette and measured body mass index","volume":"70","author":"Nagasaka K","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nagoya J Med Sci"},{"key":"R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0050017"},{"key":"R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2008.541"},{"key":"R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12963-015-0069-6"},{"key":"R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2008.603"},{"key":"R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2013.07.008"},{"key":"R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000346805"},{"key":"R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2002.48"},{"key":"R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0803762"},{"key":"R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1054-139x(03)00099-5"},{"key":"R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-4-27"},{"key":"R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2010.2262"},{"key":"R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1740-1445(03)00002-0"},{"key":"R36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00864"},{"key":"R37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1994.03520150064038"},{"key":"R38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2011.06.009"},{"key":"R39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orcp.2016.10.284"},{"key":"R40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(sici)1098-108x(199809)24:2<175::aid-eat7>3.0.co;2-b"},{"key":"R41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2007.328"},{"key":"R42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0002-8223(98)00199-0"},{"key":"R43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2008.12.026"},{"key":"R44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0802736"},{"key":"R45","first-page":"193","article-title":"Alternative measurements of obesity: accuracy of body silhouettes and reported weights and heights in a Mexican American sample","volume":"9","author":"Mueller WH","year":"1985","journal-title":"Int J Obes"}],"container-title":["Archives of Iranian Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/aimjournal.ir\/PDF\/aim-25-366.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/aimjournal.ir\/PDF\/aim-25-366.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,12]],"date-time":"2022-07-12T10:17:05Z","timestamp":1657621025000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/aimjournal.ir\/Article\/aim-20623"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34172\/aim.2022.60","relation":{},"ISSN":["1029-2977","1735-3947"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1029-2977","type":"print"},{"value":"1735-3947","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Academy of Medical Sciences of I.R. Iran","name":"journal_owner","label":"Journal Owner"},{"value":"Academy of Medical Sciences of I.R. Iran","name":"journal_publisher","label":"Journal Publisher"},{"value":"2021-01-05","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-06-21","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-06-01","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}