{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T16:23:43Z","timestamp":1791563023106,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Maad Rayan Publishing Company","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":["journalaim.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arch Iran Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Chronic low-grade inflammation is implicated in diabetic microvascular complications, but the relationship between circulating high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and diabetic retinopathy (DR) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) remains incompletely defined. We evaluated whether plasma hs-CRP levels are independently associated with DR presence and severity in a cohort of T2DM patients. Methods: In this analytical cross-sectional study, 149 T2DM patients referring to endocrinology and ophthalmology clinics at Babol University of Medical Sciences (April 2022\u2013June 2023) were categorized into no DR (n=50), non-proliferative DR (NPDR; n=49), and proliferative DR (PDR; n=50) groups. Comprehensive ophthalmic examination classified DR stage. We measured hs-CRP (low: 0-1 mg\/L, moderate: 1-3 mg\/mL, high:&gt;3 mg\/mL), HbA1c, fasting blood sugar (FBS), and total cholesterol in fasting blood samples. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS v.22. Results: Mean hs-CRP concentrations rose progressively with DR severity: 2.71\u00b11.14 mg\/L (no DR), 4.89\u00b15.31 mg\/L (NPDR), and 10.60\u00b19.24 mg\/L (PDR; P=0.023). After adjusting for age, sex, diabetes duration, HbA1c, BMI, hypertension, smoking, cholesterol, and treatment, each 1 mg\/L increase in hs-CRP was associated with 1.40-fold higher odds of DR (OR 1.40; 95% CI 1.08\u20131.94; P=0.011). Other independent predictors included longer diabetes duration (OR 1.19 per year; 95% CI 1.10\u20131.29; P&lt;0.001), higher HbA1c (OR 1.62 per %; 95% CI 1.06\u20132.48; P=0.023), and female sex (OR 3.25; 95% CI 1.11\u20139.52; P=0.031). Conclusion: High hs-CRP levels correlate with DR severity in T2DM, highlighting inflammation\u2019s role and potential for early detection strategies. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.34172\/aim.34506","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]],"date-time":"2025-09-16T10:06:52Z","timestamp":1758017212000},"page":"443-451","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34172\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein and its Association with Diabetic Retinopathy: A Cross-sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.34172","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5416-2340","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zahra","family":"Faghih Abdollahi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mansour","family":"Babaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Ayatollah Rouhani Hospital, Division of Rheumatology, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neda","family":"Meftah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hoda","family":"Shirafkan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7455-3754","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Seyed Ahmad","family":"Rasoulinejad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Ayatollah Rouhani Hospital, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"20123","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"container-title":["Archives of Iranian Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journalaim.com\/PDF\/aim-28-443.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journalaim.com\/PDF\/aim-28-443.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]],"date-time":"2025-09-16T10:06:53Z","timestamp":1758017213000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journalaim.com\/Article\/aim-34506"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34172\/aim.34506","relation":{},"ISSN":["1029-2977","1735-3947"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1029-2977","type":"print"},{"value":"1735-3947","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Academy of Medical Sciences of I.R. Iran","name":"journal_owner","label":"Journal Owner"},{"value":"Academy of Medical Sciences of I.R. Iran","name":"journal_publisher","label":"Journal Publisher"},{"value":"2025-05-11","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-07-25","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-08-01","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}