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Exhaled breath serves as an accessible source of biomarkers, including volatile organic compounds (VOCs), a promising type of diagnostic marker. This method requires a sample as small as five breaths. Exhaled breath analysis is conducted using different mass spectrometry methods coupled with nano sensors or neural networks. Furthermore, innovative devices like electronic noses have also shown great promise in diagnosing different types of cancers. These biomarkers show potential in reliably differentiating between healthy individuals and cancer patients. Additionally, these compounds can be utilized for cancer staging and monitoring treatment response. However, certain fallbacks persist in differentiating malignant from pre-malignant conditions. Despite the promise of this diagnostic approach, certain limitations, such as variations in VOC profiles across different populations, lack of standardized collection protocols, and absence of established universal reference standards, underscore the need for proper standardization and large-scale, multi-center validation studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.34172\/aim.34980","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T14:33:47Z","timestamp":1779719627000},"page":"35-43","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34172\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A Review of Exhaled Volatile Organic Compounds as Emerging Diagnostic Tools for Gastrointestinal Malignancies"],"prefix":"10.34172","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7584-4952","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Amirreza","family":"Ghafourian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-8954-5452","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Masoomeh","family":"Hamdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Rayatpisheh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digestive Oncology Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramin","family":"Shakeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digestive Oncology Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naser","family":"Ahmadbeigi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gene Therapy Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shokoofeh","family":"Borzabadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran"},{"name":"Academy of Medical Sciences IR, Iran, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abolghasem","family":"Jouyban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3876-7584","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Reza","family":"Ghanbari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Pharmaceutical Sciences Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"20123","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arnold M, Abnet CC, Neale RE, Vignat J, Giovannucci EL, McGlynn KA, et al. 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