{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T03:01:47Z","timestamp":1780628507420,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Maad Rayan Publishing Company","content-domain":{"domain":["bi.tbzmed.ac.ir"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioimpacts"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The biological actions of oestrogen are mediated by the oestrogen receptor \u03b1 or \u03b2 (ER\u03b1 or ER\u03b2), which are members of a broad nuclear receptor superfamily. Numerous in vivo and in vitro studies have demonstrated that loss of circulating oestrogen modulated by classical ER\u03b1 and ER\u03b2 led to rapid changes in pancreatic \u03b2-cell and islet function, GLUT4 expression, insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance, dysfunctional lipid homeostasis, oxidative stress, and inflammatory cascades. Remarkably, 17\u03b2-oestradiol (E2) can completely reverse these effects. This review evaluates the current understanding of the protective role of classical ER in critical pathways and molecular mechanisms associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). It also examines the effectiveness of menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) in reducing the risk of developing T2DM in menopausal women. Clinical trials have shown the protective effects of MHT on glucose metabolism, which may be useful to treat T2DM in perimenopausal women. However, there are concerns about E2's potential side effects of obesity and hyperlipidaemia in menopausal women. Further studies are warranted to gain understanding and find other oestrogen alternatives for treatment of insulin resistance and T2DM in postmenopausal women.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.34172\/bi.30378","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,19]],"date-time":"2024-08-19T08:24:37Z","timestamp":1724055877000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34172\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Deciphering the role of classical oestrogen receptor in insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus: From molecular mechanism to clinical evidence"],"prefix":"10.34172","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9614-6650","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Haryati","family":"Ahmad Hairi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Manipal University College Malaysia, Jalan Batu Hampar, Bukit Baru, 75150 Melaka, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nurul Izzah","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Zulfiqah","family":"Sadikan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Manipal University College Malaysia, Jalan Batu Hampar, Bukit Baru, 75150 Melaka, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Putri Ayu","family":"Jayusman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Craniofacial Diagnostics and Biosciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3526-990X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ahmad Nazrun","family":"Shuid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi Mara (UITM), Jalan Hospital, 47000 Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"20123","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,4]]},"container-title":["BioImpacts"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/bi.tbzmed.ac.ir\/Inpress\/bi-30378.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/bi.tbzmed.ac.ir\/Inpress\/bi-30378.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,19]],"date-time":"2024-08-19T08:24:38Z","timestamp":1724055878000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bi.tbzmed.ac.ir\/Inpress\/bi-30378"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,4]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34172\/bi.30378","relation":{},"ISSN":["2228-5652","2228-5660"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2228-5652","type":"print"},{"value":"2228-5660","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Tabriz University of Medical Sciences","name":"journal_owner","label":"Journal Owner"},{"value":"Tabriz University of Medical Sciences","name":"journal_publisher","label":"Journal Publisher"},{"value":"2024-02-15","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-05-28","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-08-04","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}