{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T16:00:45Z","timestamp":1775232045290,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Maad Rayan Publishing Company","content-domain":{"domain":["bi.tbzmed.ac.ir"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioimpacts"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Infertility affects approximately 15% of couples worldwide, with male factors accounting for approximately half of the cases. Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) has been increasingly considered in modern medicine due to its high efficacy, ease of use, and lack of side effects. Evidence suggests that this method can prevent DNA damage in cells and activate key genes related to fertility. This study aimed to investigate the effects of LLLT on sperm production in azoospermic mice using in vitro and in vivo experimental models. Methods: Adult male NMRI mice (8\u20139 weeks old, 30\u201335 g) were divided into the negative control (healthy), positive control (azoospermia via intraperitoneal busulfan, 30 mg\/kg), and experimental (azoospermia with 808 nm LLLT at 8 J\/cm2) groups (8 mice per group) for in vivo experiments. For the in vitro part, spermatogonial stem cells were cultured from 6 azoospermic mice under control conditions or treated with laser (808 nm LLLT at 4 J\/cm2). Morphological examination and real-time polymerase chain reaction were used to assess testicular structure and expression of several genes, such as deleted in azoospermia-like (DAZL), G protein-coupled receptor 125 (GPR125), synaptonemal complex protein 3 (SYCP3), DEAD-box helicase 4 (VASA\/DDX4), protamine (PRM), acrosin (ACR), and tripartite motif containing 36 (Haprin\/TRIM36). Results: In vivo, LLLT increased VASA expression, improved germ cell activity, and increased sperm production compared with untreated azoospermic control groups, although these changes were not statistically significant. In vitro, 4 J\/cm2 radiation modulated several genes related to spermatogenesis, supporting its role in germ cell differentiation. Conclusion: LLLT with a wavelength of 808 nm could improve spermatogenesis and sperm production in a mouse model of busulfan-induced azoospermia in vivo and in vitro. These results demonstrated its potential as a supportive treatment for male infertility.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.34172\/bi.31018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T15:23:00Z","timestamp":1775229780000},"page":"31018","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34172\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Low-level lasers can improve spermatogenesis in infertile mice by targeting molecular pathways"],"prefix":"10.34172","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0660-5911","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Habib","family":"Tajalli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of Biophotonics, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran"},{"name":"Department of Physics, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masoud","family":"Maleki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran"},{"name":"Research Center of Biotechnology, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Firouzi Amoudizaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran"},{"name":"Research Center of Biotechnology, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zahra","family":"Akbarpour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran"},{"name":"Research Center of Biotechnology, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Esmail","family":"Safavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of Biotechnology, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran"},{"name":"Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tabriz Branch, Azad Islamic University, Tabriz, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Reza","family":"Shahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alireza","family":"Sotoudeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of Biophotonics, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran"},{"name":"Department of Physics, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmad","family":"Babazadeh Bedoustani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of Biotechnology, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran"},{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Science, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"20123","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO). Infertility Prevalence Estimates, 1990-2021. WHO; 2023."},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-1208.170370"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s43032-021-00557-8"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-61779-436-0_4"},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmaa006"},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21886\/2308-6424-2017-5-3-49-61"},{"key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-023-03780-8"},{"key":"R8","first-page":"10","article-title":"Effect of red and infrared spectrum low level of laser rays on Rat Seminiferous tubules","volume":"12","author":"Deihimi M","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Gorgan Univ Med Sci"},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9061724"},{"key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.34172\/jlms.2020.24"},{"key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2019.111658"},{"key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2019.03.017"},{"key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21239002"},{"key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-016-1966-z"},{"key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2004.04.043"},{"key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-005-0332-3"},{"key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5978\/islsm.18-or-13"},{"key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep46480"},{"key":"R19","first-page":"1017","article-title":"Hasanzadeh Effect of red and infrared spectrum low level of laser rays on rat Seminiferous tubules","volume":"12","author":"Deihimi M","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Gorgan Uni Med Sci"},{"key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.30495\/ijbbe.2022.698214"},{"key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-22137-9"},{"key":"R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwy163"},{"key":"R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22074\/cellj.2020.6619"},{"key":"R24","unstructured":"Aarabi M, Soltanghoraee H, Aarabi M, Behjati Ardakani R, Amirjannati N, Ghaffari M, et al. Expression of Synaptonemal Complex Protein 3 (SYCP3) mRNA in the testis: a molecular marker for spermatogenesis in azoospermic men. J Reprod Infertil 2006. 6: 495-504."},{"key":"R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.110.087270"},{"key":"R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gigascience\/giad051"},{"key":"R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apjr.2016.07.013"},{"key":"R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.51869"},{"key":"R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/der026"},{"key":"R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0969-2126(00)00523-2"},{"key":"R31","unstructured":"Guide for the care and use of laboratory animals. 2020. https:\/\/ethics.research.ac.ir\/EthicsProposalView.php?&code=IR.IAU.TABRIZ.REC.1404.353."},{"key":"R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/aja.2009.67"},{"key":"R33","first-page":"32","article-title":"Effect of vitamin C on colony formation of ovine spermatogonial stem cells in vitro","volume":"22","author":"Bahrami M","year":"2017","journal-title":"SJKU"},{"key":"R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/der357"},{"key":"R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.29252\/JABR.06.03.03"},{"key":"R36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.34172\/jlms.2021.84"},{"key":"R37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20040957"},{"key":"R38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06129"},{"key":"R39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2008.0347"},{"key":"R40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/der026"},{"key":"R41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kee K, Angles VT, Flores M, Nguyen HN, Rejio Pera RA. Human DAZL, DAZ and BOULE genes modulate primordial germ-cell and haploid gamete formation. Nature 2009; 12: 462: 222-225. doi:10.1038\/nature08562.","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08562"},{"key":"R42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod63.5.1490"},{"key":"R43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.30495\/ijbbe.2022.698214"},{"key":"R44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2004.08.034"},{"key":"R45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15283\/ijsc.2015.8.2.134"},{"key":"R46","first-page":"10","article-title":"Effect of red and infrared spectrum low level of laser rays on Rat Seminiferous tubules","volume":"12","author":"Deihimi M","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Gorgan Univ Med Sci"},{"key":"R47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dreyer T, Siqueira A. Biochemical and topological analysis of bovine sperm cells induced by low power laser irradiation. European Conference on Biomedical Optics, Optical Society of America; 2011. doi:10.1364\/ecbo.2011.80920v.","DOI":"10.1364\/ECBO.2011.80920V"},{"key":"R48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-017-0491-8"},{"key":"R49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202200762RR"},{"key":"R50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2018.06.016"},{"key":"R51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2020.144335"},{"key":"R52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2014.09.003"},{"key":"R53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.160274797"},{"key":"R54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.0366-6999.2010.20.024"},{"key":"R55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-22137-9"},{"key":"R56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1262\/jrd.2014-010"},{"key":"R57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-019-1181-5"},{"key":"R58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.658966"},{"key":"R59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-021-01242-4"},{"key":"R60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gaw024"},{"key":"R61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(03)14845-3"},{"key":"R62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/geno.2002.6834"},{"key":"R63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1097-2765(00)80404-9"},{"key":"R64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2005.12.070"},{"key":"R65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrd.23344"},{"key":"R66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/spmg.24376"},{"key":"R67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apjr.2016.07.013"},{"key":"R68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2004.02.045"},{"key":"R69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2164\/jandrol.041"}],"container-title":["BioImpacts"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/bi.tbzmed.ac.ir\/PDF\/bi-16-31018.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/bi.tbzmed.ac.ir\/PDF\/bi-16-31018.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T15:23:05Z","timestamp":1775229785000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bi.tbzmed.ac.ir\/Article\/bi-31018"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]]},"references-count":69,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34172\/bi.31018","relation":{},"ISSN":["2228-5652","2228-5660"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2228-5652","type":"print"},{"value":"2228-5660","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Tabriz University of Medical Sciences","name":"journal_owner","label":"Journal Owner"},{"value":"Tabriz University of Medical Sciences","name":"journal_publisher","label":"Journal Publisher"},{"value":"2025-02-11","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-12-30","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-02-25","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}