{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T15:53:04Z","timestamp":1790956384418,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Maad Rayan Publishing Company","content-domain":{"domain":["bi.tbzmed.ac.ir"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioimpacts"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Non-toxic and efficient delivery platforms are important for gene editing applications. In this report, the preparation of saponin-conjugated low molecular weight polyethyleneimine (PEI1.8kDa) modified carbon dots (CD-PEI-Sap) is described.  Methods: Polyethyleneimine modified carbon dots (CD-PEI1.8kDa), were synthesized by one-step microwave-mediated pyrolysis of citric acid (CA) and PEI1.8kDa to produce non-toxic fluorescent particles. When saponin was added at this stage followed by microwave treatment a completely clear solution of CD-PEI-Sap was produced.  Results: These 80 nm nanoparticle vectors not only transfected green fluorescent protein plasmid (p-GFP) (3 kb) with 60% expression in human embryonic kidney (HEK 293T) cells, and&gt;60% in hard to transfect human breast adenocarcinoma cells (MCF7), but could also transfect a large clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat plasmid (p-CRISPR) with 5-fold higher efficiency (50%) than the gold standard reagent, branched PEI MWt 25 kDa (PEI25kDa). Moreover, the CD-PEI-Sap system produced good transfection with a low concentration of p-CRISPR and in the presence of 30% fetal bovine serum (FBS).  Conclusion: This system demonstrated efficient transfection and serum resistance, making it a promising tool for future gene editing research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.34172\/bi.33272","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T14:56:26Z","timestamp":1790952986000},"page":"33272","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34172\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Saponin conjugation improves p-CRISPR delivery by polyethylenimine modified carbon dots"],"prefix":"10.34172","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7102-8789","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ali Hamad Abd","family":"Kelkawi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Nursing, University of Al-Ameed, Karbala, Iraq"},{"name":"Department of Medical Physics, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Kerbala, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seyede Mahtab","family":"Kamrani Mousavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cellular and molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"},{"name":"Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"},{"name":"Advanced Nanobiotechnology and Nanomedicine Research Group (ANNRG), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akbar","family":"Hasanzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cellular and molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"},{"name":"Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"},{"name":"Advanced Nanobiotechnology and Nanomedicine Research Group (ANNRG), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Saeedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cellular and molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"},{"name":"Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"},{"name":"Advanced Nanobiotechnology and Nanomedicine Research Group (ANNRG), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Behjat","family":"Kheiri Yeganeh Azar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"},{"name":"Student Research Committee, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Babak","family":"Kamali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cellular and molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"},{"name":"Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"},{"name":"Advanced Nanobiotechnology and Nanomedicine Research Group (ANNRG), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seyyed Emad","family":"Hooshmand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cellular and molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"},{"name":"Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"},{"name":"Advanced Nanobiotechnology and Nanomedicine Research Group (ANNRG), Iran University of Medical 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