{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T00:58:11Z","timestamp":1769821091981,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Maad Rayan Publishing Company","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["hpp.tbzmed.ac.ir"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Health Promot Perspect"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            <jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold> Violence or violent imagery, defined as any image that conveys an imminent physical or existential threat to person(s), property, or society, with or without weaponry, is often featured in advertising. However, the effects of exposure (sporadic or chronic) to such imagery are not fully understood. The objective of this study was to describe the prevalence and types of violence portrayed in advertising on public buses in New York City (NYC). <jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> In this cross-sectional study, from April to July 2019, researchers catalogued and coded the print advertising images present on the passenger entry side of all Metropolitan Transit Authority (MTA) bus lines in Manhattan to determine whether images of violence or violent acts were present. Unlike images of alcohol and tobacco products (banned from MTA property in 2017 and 1992, respectively), there are no similar restrictions on violence or violent imagery. <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> A total of 23 out of 136 (17%) observed advertisements included images of violence and\/or actual or imminent violent acts. One hundred percent of images involving violence were embedded in advertisements for mass media\/entertainment purposes often featuring well known and favorably regarded actors and entertainment personalities or companies. <jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold> People of all ages and backgrounds are passively exposed to bus advertisements in a variety of settings. This study contributes to the literature regarding the extent to which the public is passively exposed to violent advertising. Additional study is required to further understand the link between violent imagery and attitudes toward\/tolerance of violence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.34172\/hpp.2020.26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,10]],"date-time":"2020-04-10T09:01:39Z","timestamp":1586509299000},"page":"162-165","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34172\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["An assessment of violent imagery in advertisements on city buses in Manhattan, New York City"],"prefix":"10.34172","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4862-4229","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Corey H.","family":"Basch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, William Paterson University, Wayne, NJ 07470,USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Mohlman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, William Paterson University, Wayne, NJ 07470, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charles E.","family":"Basch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Richard March Hoe Professor of Health and Education, Department of Health and Behavior Studies, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"20123","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1","unstructured":"Aizenman N, Silver M. How The U.S. Compares With Other Countries in Deaths from Gun Violence. National Public Radio; 2019. Available from: https:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/goatsandsoda\/2019\/08\/05\/743579605\/how-the-u-s-compares-to-other-countries-in-deaths-from-gun-violence. Accessed October 20, 2019."},{"key":"R2","unstructured":"Paybarah A. Gun Violence: New York\u2019s Own Problem. New York Times. 2019. Available from: https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2019\/08\/06\/nyregion\/newyorktoday\/nyc-gun-violence.html.  Accessed October 26, 2019."},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0b013e31824eaab3"},{"key":"R4","unstructured":"NYC Data. Available from: https:\/\/www.baruch.cuny.edu\/nycdata\/travel\/mta-busridership.html. Accessed October 26, 2019."},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.20295"},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2753\/JOA0091-3367390402"},{"key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huesmann LR, Kirwil L. Why observing violence increases the risk of violent behavior in the observer. In: Flannery DJ, Vazsonyi AT, Waldman ID, eds. The Cambridge Handbook of Violent Behavior and Aggression. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 2007. p. 545-570.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511816840.029"},{"key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10900-019-00774-y"},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10900-015-0108-z"},{"key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/03090561011079891"},{"key":"R11","unstructured":"Barone, V. MTA, union unveil measures to combat assaults on workers. AM New York; 2018. Available from: https:\/\/www.amny.com\/transit\/mta-worker-assaults-1.20473852\/. Accessed October 29, 2019."},{"key":"R12","unstructured":"Governor Cuomo Announces Agreement to Add 500 Additional Uniformed Officers to NYC Subway and Bus Systems to Improve Public Safety, Protect Workers and Combat Fare Evasion. Available from: https:\/\/www.governor.ny.gov\/news\/governor-cuomo-announces-agreement-add-500-additional-uniformed-officers-nyc-subway-and-bus. Accessed October 29, 2019."},{"key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mar.20563"}],"container-title":["Health Promotion Perspectives"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/hpp.tbzmed.ac.ir\/PDF\/hpp-10-162.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/hpp.tbzmed.ac.ir\/PDF\/hpp-10-162.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,10]],"date-time":"2020-04-10T09:01:48Z","timestamp":1586509308000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/hpp.tbzmed.ac.ir\/Article\/hpp-32023"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,30]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34172\/hpp.2020.26","relation":{},"ISSN":["2228-6497"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2228-6497","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Tabriz University of Medical Sciences","name":"journal_owner","label":"Journal Owner"},{"value":"Tabriz University of Medical Sciences","name":"journal_publisher","label":"Journal Publisher"}]}}