{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T15:55:57Z","timestamp":1792079757845,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Maad Rayan Publishing Company","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["japid.tbzmed.ac.ir"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Adv Periodontol Implant Dent"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles exhibit promising antibacterial and structural properties but raise concerns of cytotoxicity in oral soft tissues. Incorporating TiO2 into biocompatible polymers such as poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) may reduce these adverse effects and improve clinical applicability in periodontal therapy. Methods. TiO2 nanoparticles were synthesized via a modified sol\u2013gel method and incorporated into PLGA matrices with and without polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as a stabilizer. The formulations were characterized using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and x-ray diffraction (XRD). Cytocompatibility was evaluated using the MTT assay on HGF cells across concentrations of 1\u2013100 \u03bcg\/mL after 24 and 48 h. Results. TiO2 nanoparticles alone induced significant, dose- and time-dependent cytotoxicity, reducing cell viability to ~45% at 100 \u03bcg\/mL after 48 h (P&lt;0.01). Pure PLGA maintained&gt;90% cell viability at all tested concentrations. The PLGA\/TiO2 nanocomposite showed markedly reduced cytotoxicity, maintaining&gt;80% viability even at 100 \u03bcg\/mL. Incorporation of PVP improved nanoparticle dispersion, as confirmed by FESEM and DLS, and enhanced the thermal stability of the composite. Conclusion. Encapsulation of TiO2 within a PLGA matrix significantly mitigated cytotoxicity while preserving structural stability, with PVP further improving homogeneity and heat resistance. These findings highlight the potential of PLGA\/TiO2 nanocomposites as safe and effective candidates for periodontal wound dressings, implant coatings, or regenerative scaffolds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.34172\/japid.026.3939","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T08:42:47Z","timestamp":1780648967000},"page":"103-113","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34172\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Development and evaluation of a PLGA\/TiO\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    nanocomposite for periodontal applications: Synthesis, characterization, and cytocompatibility with human gingival fibroblasts\u2014An in vitro study"],"prefix":"10.34172","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8734-4380","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Atabak","family":"Kashefimehr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6187-3265","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Samira","family":"Mohammad Mirzapour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9016-1630","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Motahare","family":"Sharifyrad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4097-2151","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Samira","family":"Beiraghisalek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"20123","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13770-025-00704-1"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2024.12.018"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/2810264"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matbio.2024.12.011"},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5681\/joddd.2013.040"},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26715\/rjds.14_2_7"},{"key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmt.2023.10.001"},{"key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/d3ra03660j"},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/burnst\/tkae069"},{"key":"R10","first-page":"e20","article-title":"Synthesis and toxicity study of silver oxide nanoparticles on human gingival fibroblasts","volume":"27","author":"Mozaffari A","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Babol Univ Med Sci"},{"key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3402\/nano.v1i0.5214"},{"key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2017.07.038"},{"key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/polym16182606"},{"key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.34172\/japid.2023.010"},{"key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/ijn.S249441"},{"key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22052\/jns.2021.01.015"},{"key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jssc.2003.11.016"},{"key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/9425289"},{"key":"R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app7010049"},{"key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2022.103378"},{"key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2018.10.077"},{"key":"R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.37358\/rc.18.5.6281"},{"key":"R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biologicals.2018.02.004"},{"key":"R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12234288"},{"key":"R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/colloids7010015"},{"key":"R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/25740881.2022.2129387"},{"key":"R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10965-022-03284-z"},{"key":"R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10971-021-05600-3"},{"key":"R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-012-0938-8"},{"key":"R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/d4tb00134f"}],"container-title":["Journal of Advanced Periodontology &amp; 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