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Multivariate logistic and linear regressions were used to evaluate the association between meal frequency, daily breakfast and obesity. Results: There was a lower significant odd of obesity (odd ratio (OR)=0.80, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.69-0.93; P=0.004) in people who reported having more than three meals a day. There was a lower odd of obesity (OR=0.79, 95%CI: 0.69-0.91; P=0.001) in individuals who had daily breakfast and higher odds of obesity (OR=1.21, 95%CI: 1.03-1.42; P&lt;0.01) for individuals who reported dinner as their main meal of the day. There was a significant association between eating frequency and daily breakfast with central obesity in men and in women; there was a significant inverse relationship between eating breakfast and central obesity. Conclusion: Meal frequency and eating breakfast daily as a modifiable eating habits can lead to improvement obesity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.34172\/jcvtr.026.33600","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T14:05:16Z","timestamp":1780668316000},"page":"26-31","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34172\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Beyond calories: the effect of meal patterns on obesity risk in the IRanian National Obesity Registry"],"prefix":"10.34172","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6300-8806","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mina","family":"Nosrati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International UNESCO Center for Health-Related Basic Sciences and Human Nutrition, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran"},{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niosha","family":"Samadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Mottaghi Moghadam Shahri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International UNESCO Center for Health-Related Basic Sciences and Human Nutrition, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahsa","family":"Tousi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farnaz","family":"Farrokhzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition Sciences, Varastegan Institute for Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fateme","family":"Kourepaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition Sciences, Varastegan Institute for Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Najmeh","family":"Seifi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0351-4675","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Khalil","family":"Kimiafar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Records and Health Information Technology, School of Paramedical Sciences, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1081-6754","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Majid","family":"Ghayour Mobarhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International UNESCO Center for Health-Related Basic Sciences and Human Nutrition, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran"},{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"20123","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2018.09.005"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(25)00355-1"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-20860-8"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-98352-x"},{"key":"R5","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO). 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