{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T15:22:36Z","timestamp":1789140156708,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Maad Rayan Publishing Company","content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sbmu.ac.ir"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Lasers Med Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: One of the clinical problems following orthodontic treatment is white spot lesions around orthodontic brackets due to enamel demineralization. Confronting enamel demineralization during fixed treatments has long been a challenge for orthodontists. The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of CO2 laser and Titanium Tetra-fluoride (TiF4) application on the prevention of enamel demineralization around orthodontic brackets. Methods: Eighty permanent premolars were selected and bonded with brackets. They were randomly divided into four groups (n=20): topical titanium tetra-fluoride gel 4% (TiF4), CO2 laser (10.6 \u03bcm wavelength for 10 seconds, peak power=291 W), fluoride+laser (F+L) and control (C). All specimens were demineralized for 10 days in a 0.2 M acetate buffer solution. The mean lesion depths were determined by using polarized light microscopy. Results: The mean depth of lesion was the highest in the C group and then decreased in the TiF4, CO2 laser, and F+L groups, respectively. The difference between all groups was significant (P&lt;0.05), except for the CO2 laser and F+L groups. Conclusion: The lowest amount of demineralization around the orthodontic brackets was observed in the L+F group, followed by the CO2 laser, TiF4, and control groups, respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.34172\/jlms.2024.09","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,30]],"date-time":"2024-05-30T07:48:06Z","timestamp":1717055286000},"page":"e9","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34172\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Effect of CO<sub>2<\/sub> Laser-Assisted Titanium Tetra-fluoride on Demineralization of Enamel Around Orthodontic Brackets"],"prefix":"10.34172","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7449-7238","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Vahid","family":"Moshkelgosha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reza","family":"Zandian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Private Practice"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2672-1749","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mona","family":"Sohrabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental Caries Prevention Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Science, Qazvin, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5188-8829","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Reza","family":"Fekrazad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiation Sciences Research Center, Laser Research Center in Medical Sciences, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"},{"name":"International Network for Photo Medicine and Photo Dynamic Therapy (INPMPDT), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"20123","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0889-5406(88)90453-2"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000325151"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0889-5406(87)90293-9"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0889-5406(92)70112-n"},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0722.2012.00968.x"},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-775720130574"},{"key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345720510060901"},{"key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2007.12.001"},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00016359109005891"},{"key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345720510061001"},{"key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2012.11.001"},{"key":"R12","first-page":"328","article-title":"Laser effect on resistance of human dental enamel to demineralization in vitro","volume":"33","author":"Sognnaes RF","year":"1965","journal-title":"J South Calif State Dent Assoc"},{"key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345920710070701"},{"key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000261464"},{"key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-012-1076-5"},{"key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/pho.2005.23.389"},{"key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-013-1328-z"},{"key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3290\/j.ohpd.a44690"},{"key":"R19","unstructured":"Featherstone JD. 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