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Methods: Sixty Wistar rats were allocated to 5 separate groups randomly; (1) natural bovine bone mineral (NBBM); (2) NBBM+LLLT; (3) NBBM+allogenic ADSCs; (4) NBBM+allogenic ADSCs+LLLT; (5) Only defects. 8-mm calvarial defects were made in each rat in the surgical procedure. A diode laser was applied with the following parameters (continuous mode, power of 100mW, wavelength of 808nm, and 4 J\/cm2 energy density) immediately after the procedure and every other day. Bone samples were obtained and assessed histomorphometrically and histologically after staining with hematoxylin and eosin (H&amp;E). Results: Different volumes of bony material were observed in two weeks; 2.94%\u00b11.00 in group 1, 5.1%\u00b11.92 in group 2, 7.11%\u00b12.82 in group 3, 7.34%\u00b12.31 in group 4, and 2.01%\u00b10.83 in group 5 (P&lt;0.05). On the other hand, foreign body residuals were up by 23% in the groups with scaffolding by the end of 2 weeks. Four weeks of observation led to 6.74 %\u00b11.95, 13.24%\u00b11.98, 15.76%\u00b11.19, 15.92%\u00b13.4, and 3.11%\u00b11.00 bone formation in groups 1 to 5, respectively (P&lt;0.05). Generally, the difference between groups 2-4 was not statistically significant based on different types of bone and the extent of inflammation. Conclusion: Bearing in mind the limitations of our research, it was demonstrated that ADSCs in combination with PBM have promising effects on bone tissue regeneration in sizeable bony defects. Furthermore, this study also showed that PBM usage improved the newly regenerated bone quality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.34172\/jlms.2024.31","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]],"date-time":"2024-08-22T11:05:35Z","timestamp":1724324735000},"page":"e31","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34172\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Bone Regeneration of Rat Critical-Sized Calvarial Defects by the Combination of Photobiomodulation and Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells"],"prefix":"10.34172","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7302-6824","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sepehr","family":"Fekrazad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4694-347X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Saeed","family":"Farzad-Mohajeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3789-1727","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Mashhadiabbas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6980-3544","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hooman","family":"Daghighi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Students\u2019 Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6116-2340","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Praveen R.","family":"Arany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5188-8829","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Reza","family":"Fekrazad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiation Sciences Research Center, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"},{"name":"International Network for Photo Medicine and Photo Dynamic Therapy (INPMPDT), Universal Scientific Education and Research, Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"20123","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.34172\/jlms.2022.10"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011783.pub2"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2007.02.012"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar G, Narayan B. 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