{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T19:48:01Z","timestamp":1785872881407,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Maad Rayan Publishing Company","content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sbmu.ac.ir"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Lasers Med Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: This study aimed to assess the antimicrobial efficacy of propolis for an intracanal medicament in combination with an Nd:YAG laser against the biofilm of persistent endodontic pathogens: Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. Methods: One hundred and sixty-five extracted human premolars were included. Monospecies of four-week biofilms were cultured in root canals after the teeth were prepared chemo-mechanically. Specimens were treated with calcium hydroxide for 24 hours (G1), propolis for 24 hours (G2), Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm, 1.5 w, 15 Hz, 100 mJ\/pulse, 200 \u00b5m endodontic fiber tip) (G3), propolis medicament followed by Nd:YAG laser (G4), and normal saline as the control group (G5). Dentin chips were obtained with Gates-Glidden #5, 6 and inoculated onto agar plates for microbial growth. The antimicrobial efficacy of each group was evaluated by quantifying the number of colony-forming units. Data were statistically analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U test (P value&lt;0.05). Results: All investigated groups reduced the bacterial count compared to normal saline (P value&lt;0.05). Propolis (0.23\u00b10.58, 0.00\u00b10.00, 1.34\u00b11.12 for E.f, S.a, and C.a., respectively) and Nd:YAG laser (3.19\u00b10.51, 3.21\u00b10.37, 3.29\u00b10.52 for E.f, S.a, and C.a., respectively) were more effective in the reduction of all three pathogens during 24 hours, compared to calcium hydroxide (P value&lt;0.05). The application of propolis followed by the Nd:YAG laser resulted in the complete elimination of E. faecalis and S. aureus and a significant reduction in C. albicans (0.60\u00b10.96) (P value&lt;0.05). Conclusion: Propolis alone or in combination with the Nd:YAG laser at low powers is highly effective against endodontic pathogens in comparison with conventional calcium hydroxide medicament.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.34172\/jlms.2026.03","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T11:54:11Z","timestamp":1777290851000},"page":"e3","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34172\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Evaluation of Propolis as an Intracanal Agent in Combination with an Nd:YAG Laser for Bacterial Reduction"],"prefix":"10.34172","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4023-4096","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mahdieh","family":"Naghizadeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 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