{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T12:01:31Z","timestamp":1784635291691,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Maad Rayan Publishing Company","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["joddd.tbzmed.ac.ir"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Severe early childhood caries (S-ECC) is a special type of dental decay common among toddlers and young children. This study explored the association between S-ECC and calcium and protein levels in mothers\u2019 breast milk in toddlers aged 12\u201224 months. Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study included 33 toddlers aged 12\u201224 months, with or without S-ECC. Participants were recruited from mothers who brought their toddlers to healthcare clinics in Kerman City, Iran, for routine check-ups and vaccinations. The inclusion criteria for mothers were ages 18\u201245 years during pregnancy and delivery at 37 weeks of gestation or later. Breast milk samples were obtained from the mothers of 17 toddlers with S-ECC and from the mothers of 16 toddlers with healthy teeth. The protein and calcium levels in the samples were measured using the Bradford assay and Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry assay, respectively. Results: The study found a significantly higher mean protein concentration but no significant difference in calcium concentration in breast milk from mothers whose children were caries-free compared with those whose children had caries. Also, the refined regression model predicted a significant inverse association between protein concentration and dental caries (OR=0.171). Additionally, boys exhibited 14.8 times greater odds of caries compared to girls (OR=14.818). Conclusion: It can be suggested that increased protein intake from breastfeeding in toddlers younger than 24 months, along with being female, is linked to a reduced risk of S-ECC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.34172\/joddd.44503","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T11:08:58Z","timestamp":1784632138000},"page":"64-69","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34172\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association Between Calcium and Protein Content of Breast Milk and Severe Early Childhood Caries (S-ECC) in Toddlers"],"prefix":"10.34172","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2626-8630","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hamidreza","family":"Poureslami","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Dental Faculty, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9479-212X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Salehe","family":"Sabouri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8401-6634","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Seerat Abbas","family":"Rajput","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Dental Faculty, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1949-9927","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Milad","family":"Mollaali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2605-5221","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Reyhaneh","family":"Aftabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Dental Faculty, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Parnian","family":"Poureslami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Dental Faculty, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8394-3797","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Abolfazl","family":"Shiri Varnamkhasti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Dental Faculty, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3418-9003","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mohammad Reza","family":"Arabnezhad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"20123","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1","unstructured":"Chen JR, Kowolik JE, Merirer AM, Cirett JLU. Dental caries in the child and adolescent. In: Dean JA, ed. McDonald and Avery\u2019s Dentistry for the Child and Adolescent. 11th ed. Missouri, United States: Mosby; 2022."},{"key":"R2","first-page":"328","article-title":"Determinants of health in children and the problem of early childhood caries","volume":"25","author":"Ismail AI","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatr Dent"},{"key":"R3","unstructured":"Policy on early childhood caries (ECC): classifications, consequences, and preventive strategies. 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