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Study Design: This was a retrospective cohort study. Methods: The current study was performed on 1436 HIV+patients referred to Behavioral Diseases Counseling Centers in Kermanshah Province during 1998-2019. In this study, joint modeling was used to identify the effect of potential risk factors and CD4 cells on TB and death caused by HIV. Results: The results demonstrated that the decreasing CD4 cell count was significantly associated with an increased risk of death, while it had no significant relation with the risk of TB. In addition, patients with TB were at a higher risk of death. Based on the results, a significant relationship was found between CD4 count and sex, marital status, education level, antiretroviral therapy (ART), time, and the interaction between time and ART. Further, people infected with HIV through sexual relationships were at higher risk of TB, while those with a history of imprisonment who received ART or were infected with HIV through drug injection had a lower risk of TB. Conclusion: The findings revealed that the decreasing CD4 count had a significant association with an increased risk of death caused by HIV. However, it was not significantly related to the risk of TB. Finally, patients with TB were at higher risk of death caused by HIV.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.34172\/jrhs.2023.106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,9]],"date-time":"2023-08-09T10:23:52Z","timestamp":1691576632000},"page":"e00571","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34172\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Joint Modeling of Longitudinal Outcome and Competing Risks: Application to HIV\/AIDS Data"],"prefix":"10.34172","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1377-5414","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Khadijeh","family":"Najafi Ghobadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hossein","family":"Mahjub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran"},{"name":"Research Center for Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jalal","family":"Poorolajal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran"},{"name":"Modeling of Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ebrahim","family":"Shakiba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Behavioral Disease Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kaivan","family":"Khassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health, School of Public Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3547-9125","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ghodratollah","family":"Roshanaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran"},{"name":"Modeling of Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"20123","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1","first-page":"1123","article-title":"Survival rates among co-infected patients with human immunodeficiency virus\/tuberculosis in Tehran, Iran","volume":"46","author":"Roshanaei G","year":"2017","journal-title":"Iran J Public Health"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2015.11.008"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2013-051204"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/qad.0000000000002757"},{"key":"R5","unstructured":"Tuberculosis. 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