{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T01:51:39Z","timestamp":1775008299906,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"War Studies University","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,22]],"date-time":"2022-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661126400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,22]],"date-time":"2022-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661126400000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,22]],"date-time":"2022-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661126400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Security and Defence Quarterly"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The purpose of this article is to examine the significance of the flood hazard for the functioning of the critical infrastructure in Poland and to suggest adequate methods and strategies for reducing the vulnerability of critical infrastructure to flooding. The main research method used is institutional and legal analysis, which shows how critical infrastructure is protected in Poland. The context of climate change is taken into account, the consequences of which may trigger increased threat, and its significance is discussed. It is also shown that river floods of a pluvial character constitute the greatest hazard in Poland, as they pose a threat to urban areas where most critical infrastructure is located. The author lists methods which can be used to protect critical infrastructure from flooding. Examples of systems are also provided. A conclusion is formed that the approach to this problem should be comprehensive and make use of methods related to flood prevention, flood defence and flood mitigation, and above all, the relocation of elements of the critical infrastructure. It is evident that the best time to reduce the susceptibility of specific systems to floods is when they are developed or modernised by taking into account the flood risk. Lastly, the biggest problem of the critical infrastructure in Poland is highlighted, namely its identification once it is already built, which means its location had not been thought through.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.35467\/sdq\/150456","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,22]],"date-time":"2022-08-22T08:58:03Z","timestamp":1661158683000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Flood vulnerability of the critical infrastructure in Poland"],"prefix":"10.35467","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0548-4238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antoni","family":"Morawski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"19820","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref-693584","unstructured":"Act on crisis management of 26 April 2007 [Ustawa z dn. 26 kwietnia 2007 r. o zarz\u0105dzaniu kryzysowym] Dz. U. 2007 Nr 89 poz. 590."},{"key":"ref-693585","unstructured":"Act on amending crisis management act of 17 July 2009 [Ustawa z dn. 17 lipca 2009 r. o zmianie ustawy o zarz\u0105dzaniu kryzysowym]."},{"key":"ref-693586","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-006-9065-2"},{"key":"ref-693587","unstructured":"Bednarczyk, S., Jarz\u0119bi\u0144ska, T., Mackiewicz, S., Wo\u0142oszyn, E. (2006) Vademecum ochrony przeciwpowodziowej. Gda\u0144sk, Poland: Krajowy Zarz\u0105d Gospodarki Wodnej, pp. 13\u201339."},{"key":"ref-693588","unstructured":"Bobi\u0144ski, E., \u017belazi\u0144ski, J. (1996) \u2018Czy mo\u017cna przerwa\u0107 b\u0142\u0119dne ko\u0142o ochrony przeciwpowodziowej?\u2019, Gospodarka Wodna, 4, pp. 99\u2013107."},{"key":"ref-693589","unstructured":"Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED) (2015) The human cost of natural disasters: A global perspective, pp. 16\u201319. Available at: https:\/\/www.preventionweb.net\/publications\/view\/42895 (Accessed: 15 December 2021)."},{"key":"ref-693590","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2019.10.012"},{"key":"ref-693591","unstructured":"Czerniawski, R. (2019) \u2018Czy energia rzeki jest rzeczywi\u015bcie czysta?\u2019, Przegl\u0105d Uniwersytecki \u2013 kwartalnik Uniwersytetu Szczeci\u0144skiego, 4(6), pp. 317\u2013319."},{"key":"ref-693592","unstructured":"European Union (2007) Directive 2007\/60\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2007 on the assessment and management of flood risks (text with EEA relevance). Available at: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/?uri=celex:32007L0060 (Accessed: 15 December 2021)."},{"key":"ref-693593","unstructured":"European Union (2008) Council Directive 2008\/114\/EC of 8 December 2008 on the identification and designation of European critical infrastructures and the assessment of the need to improve their protection. Available at: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/LexUriServ\/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2008:345:0075:0082:EN:PDF (Accessed: 15 December 2021)."},{"key":"ref-693594","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wat2.1370"},{"key":"ref-693595","unstructured":"G\u0142\u00f3wny Urz\u0105d Statystyczny (2021a) Przewozy \u0142adunko\u0301w i pasaz\u0307ero\u0301w w 2020 r. Available at: https:\/\/stat.gov.pl\/obszary-tematyczne\/transport-i-lacznosc\/transport\/przewozy-ladunkow-i-pasazerow-w-2020-roku,11,9.html (Accessed: 13 December 2021)."},{"key":"ref-693596","unstructured":"G\u0142\u00f3wny Urz\u0105d Statystyczny (2021b) Transport wodny \u015br\u00f3dl\u0105dowy w Polsce w 2020 roku. Available at: https:\/\/stat.gov.pl\/obszary-tematyczne\/transport-i-lacznosc\/transport\/transport-wodny-srodladowy-w-polsce-w-2020-roku,4,11.html (Accessed: 13 December 2021)."},{"key":"ref-693597","unstructured":"Government of Poland (2013) National critical infrastructure protection plan 2013. Available at: https:\/\/www.gov.pl\/attachment\/fcdc0da7-3fad-4048-96a9-b95d45590b9a, (Accessed: 15 December 2021). National Critical Infrastructure Protection Program."},{"key":"ref-693598","unstructured":"Government of Poland (2020) National critical infrastructure protection plan 2020. Available at: https:\/\/www.gov.pl\/attachment\/ee334990-ec9c-42ab-ae12-477608d94eb1 (Accessed: 15 December 2021)."},{"key":"ref-693599","unstructured":"Gryz, J., Gromadzki, S. (2021) Przeciwdzia\u0142anie suszy. Retencja wody w systemie zarz\u0105dzania kryzysowego Polski. Warsaw: PWN."},{"key":"ref-693600","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1659\/0276-4741(2005)025[0321:HACCRR]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"ref-693601","unstructured":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2021) \u2018Summary for policymakers\u2019, in Masson, V., Delmotte, P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. P\u00e9an, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelek\u00e7i, R. Yu and B. Zhou (eds.) Climate change 2021: The physical science basis. Contribution of working group I to the sixth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, pp. 9\u201324."},{"key":"ref-693602","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7260\/007069"},{"key":"ref-693603","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15715124.2008.9635358"},{"key":"ref-693604","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12845\/sft.54.2.2019.10"},{"key":"ref-693605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5697\/oc.56-2.385"},{"key":"ref-693606","unstructured":"Lipi\u0144ska, E.J. (ed.) (2011) Pow\u00f3d\u017a 2010 \u2013 Przyczyny i skutki. Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland: Wojew\u00f3dzki Inspektorat Ochrony \u015arodowiska."},{"key":"ref-693607","unstructured":"Ministry of Infrastructure, Government of Poland (2021) Available at: https:\/\/www.gov.pl\/web\/infrastruktura\/polityka-rozwoju-zeglugi-srodladowej2 (Accessed: 13 December 2021)."},{"key":"ref-693608","unstructured":"Moteff, J., Parfomak, P. (2014) Critical infrastructure and key assets: Definition and identification. CRS Report for Congress. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service."},{"key":"ref-693609","unstructured":"Pa\u0144stwowe Gospodarstwo Wodne Wody Polskie (2018) Raport z przegl\u0105du i aktualizacji Wst\u0119pnej Oceny Ryzyka Powodziowego. Available at: https:\/\/powodz.gov.pl\/powodz\/aWORP\/ostateczna%20wersja\/RAPORT_WORP.pdf (Accessed: 13 December 2021)."},{"key":"ref-693610","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2017.06.020"},{"key":"ref-693611","unstructured":"Sejm of the Republic of Poland (2010) Transcript of the session of the Sejm of the Republic of Poland, VI term, 67th session, 3rd day (21 May 2010), 34 agenda item. Available at: http:\/\/orka2.sejm.gov.pl\/Debata6.nsf\/main\/143DB2D2 (Accessed: 16 December 2021)."},{"key":"ref-693612","unstructured":"Tomo\u0144, U. (2012) \u2018Stopie\u0144 wodny d\u0119be\u2014Zbiornik wielofunkcyjny\u2019, Technologia Wody, 1(15), pp. 48\u201352."},{"key":"ref-693613","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5604\/01.3001.0013.6682"},{"key":"ref-693614","unstructured":"US Government (2001) Uniting and strengthening America by providing appropriate tools required to intercept and obstruct terrorism (USA Patriot Act) act of 2001, Public Law 107\u201356\u2014Oct. 26, 2001. Available at: https:\/\/www.congress.gov\/107\/plaws\/publ56\/PLAW-107publ56.pdf (Accessed: 16 December 2021)."},{"key":"ref-693615","unstructured":"Valsson, T. (2006) How the world will change \u2013 With global warming. Reykjavik: University of Iceland Press."},{"key":"ref-693616","unstructured":"Water Law Act [Ustawa z dn. 20 lipca 2017 r. Prawo wodne] Dz. U. 2017. poz. 1566."},{"key":"ref-693617","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-318X.2012.01150.x"},{"key":"ref-693618","unstructured":"\u017belazi\u0144ski, J., Wawr\u0119ty, R., (eds.) (2006) Jak chroni\u0107 si\u0119 przed powodzi\u0105 minimalizuj\u0105c straty. O\u015bwi\u0119cim: Towarzystwo na rzecz Ziemi. Available at: http:\/\/www.ratujmyrzeki.pl\/dysk_KRR\/biblioteka_koalicji\/2006_Jak_chronic_sie_przed_powodzia_minimalizujac_straty_srodowiskowe_TnZ_dydaktyka.pdf (Accessed: 13 December 2021)."}],"container-title":["Security and Defence Quarterly"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/securityanddefence.pl\/pdf-150456-77606","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/securityanddefence.pl\/pdf-150456-77606","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,23]],"date-time":"2022-08-23T11:53:17Z","timestamp":1661255597000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/securityanddefence.pl\/Flood-vulnerability-of-the-critical-infrastructure-in-Poland,150456,0,2.html"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,22]]},"references-count":35,"alternative-id":["150456"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.35467\/sdq\/150456","relation":{},"ISSN":["2300-8741","2544-994X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2300-8741","type":"print"},{"value":"2544-994X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,22]]}}}